The Glaze Storms of 1998

Ice storms, also referred to as glaze storms, cause considerable damage every year to trees in urban and natural areas. They vary considerably in their severity and frequency. Ice storms are result of the ice formation process, which is influenced by general weather patterns. Ice accumulates when super cooled rain freezes on contact with surfaces, such as tree branches, that are at or below the freezing point (0'C). This generally occurs when a winter warm front passes through an area after the ground-level temperature reaches or falls below freezing. Rain falls through layers of cooler air without freezing, becoming super cooled. Periodically, other climatic events, including stationary, occluded, and cold fronts, also result in ice storms. The purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the1998 ice storm. This paper features three main section: An introduction, the main body (damage to woodland), and finally, a conclusion. In the main body of this paper, the effect of fire and pest/disease is discussed in detail. In the conclusion, comparison is made between fire and pests/disease versus ice storm. By the end of this paper, one should gain a better understanding of the severity of the 1998 ice storm as well as other damaging agents that affect the woodland in eastern North America Ice storms are often winter's worst hazard. More slippery than snow, freezing rain or glaze is tough and tenacious, clinging to every object it touches. A little can be dangerous, a lot can be catastrophic. Ice storm in Northeastern America has been common but the 1998 ice storm was exceptional. Ice storms are a major hazard in all parts of Canada except the North, but are especially common from Ontario to Newfoundland. The severity of ice storms depends largely on the accumulation of ice, the duration of the event, and the location and extent of the area affected. Based on these criteria, Ice Storm'98 was the worst ever to hit Canada in recent memory. From January 5-10, 1998 the total water equivalent of precipitation, comprising mostly freezing rain and ice pellets and a bit of snow, exceeded 85 mm in Ottawa, 73 mm in Kingston, 108 in Cornwall and 100 mm in Montreal (Environmental Canada, Jan 12/1998). Previous major ice storms in the region, notably December 1986 in Ottawa and February 1961 in Montreal, deposited between 30 and 40 mm of ice – about half the thickness from the 1998 storm event! (Environmental Canada, Jan 12/1998). The extent of the area affected by the ice was enormous. Freezing precipitation is often described as â€Å"a line of† or â€Å"spotty occurrences of†. At the peak of the storm, the area of freezing precipitation extended from Muskoka and Kitchener in Ontario through eastern Ontario, western Quebec and the Eastern Townships to the Fundy coasts of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. What made the ice storm so unusual, though, was that it went on for so long. On average, Ottawa and Montreal receive freezing precipitation on 12 to 17 days a year. Each episode generally lasts for only a few hours at a time, for an annual average total between 45 to 65 hours. During Ice Storm'98, it did not rain continuously, however, the number of hours of freezing rain and drizzle was in excess of 80 – again nearly double the normal annual total. One of the most appealing features of Eastern Ontario is the extensive forest cover. This is made up of woodlands of varying structure. These woodlands, as well as natural fencerows, windbreaks, and plantations of pine and poplar, dominate the landscape. Icing impacts may best be understood by treating spatially larger scales, starting with individual trees, proceeding to stands, and finally to forest landscapes. Ice damage to trees can range from mere breakage of a few twigs, to bending stems to the ground, to moderate crown loss, to outright breakage of the trunk. In the 1998 Northeastern ice storm, icing lasted long enough that many trees which were bent over had their crowns glued to the snow surface by the ice in many instances for as long as 3 weeks. Some of those trees actually erect posture after release from the snow, while many others remain bent over after 2 years. The severity of damage is generally believed to be closely related to the severity of winds following the heaviest ice accumulations. Damage varies across a range of severity and subtlety: minor branch breakage; major branch loss; bending over of crowns; root damages; breakage of trunks and in some hardwoods, trunks can be split. Depending on the stand composition, the amount of ice accumulation, and the stand history, damage to stands can range from light and patchy to the total breakage of all mature stems. Complete flattening of stands occurred locally in the Northeaster 1998 storm. In response to more moderate damage, effects on stands could include: shifts in over story composition in favor of the most resistant trees; loss of stand growth until leaf area is restored; and loss of value of the growth due to staining or damage to stem form. The term landscape refers to a ‘group† or a ‘family† of trees. I use the term vaguely because the size and composition of landscapes differ from region to region. The degree of damage is typically highly skewed by area. For example, in the January 1998 Northeaster storm, 1,800,000 ha of damage in Quebec was assessed by the Ministry of Natural Resource: very severe 4.2%, severe 32.0%, moderate 29.9%, and slight/trace 33.9% (The Science of the Total Environment, Volume: 262, Issue: 3, November 15, 2000, pp. 231-242 ). The effects on entire forest landscapes are highly patchy and variable. They also depend significantly on how landowners respond to the damage. Disturbance caused by diseases, by themselves or in conjunction with disturbance by insects, abiotic factors such as drought, fire and wind, and, increasingly, human activities, has played a critical role in the dynamics of many forest ecosystems in North America. In the predominantly coniferous forests in western North America there are considerable areas undisturbed directly by human activities. In these areas, diseases kill trees or predispose them to other agents of disturbance, resulting in gradual change in stand composition and structure. In areas disturbed by forest management practices of harvesting or exclusion of fire, increased disease incidence and severity has increased the damage caused by disease, and consequently, the rate of change. In the absence of introduced diseases in the predominantly deciduous forests of the Appalachian region of eastern North America, forests are relatively healthy. Here, forests are disturbed significantly by disease only after they are disturbed or stressed by other agents, predominantly defoliating insects and drought. In the eastern montane coniferous forest, chronic wind damage is a major predisposing factor to disease. Past harvesting practices, introduced diseases and insects, and fire exclusion have in some instances resulted in large areas of similar species and relatively similar ages that exacerbate the magnitude and severity of disturbance by disease. Fire is predominantly a natural phenomenon that burns the forest vegetation, polluting the ozone and wiping out the biodiversity. One major distinction between ice storm and forest fire is the way disaster are caused. The majority of forest fire could arguably be a result of human action and ice storm as an ‘act of god,† an act that is out of human control. Foresters usually distinguish three types of forest fires: ground fires, which burn the humus layer of the forest floor but do not burn appreciably above the surface; surface fires, which burn forest undergrowth and surface litter; and crown fires, which advance through the tops of trees or shrubs. It is not uncommon for two or three types of fires to occur simultaneously. Forest management has been able to reduce the occurrence of this event but many forest fires are out of arm†s length. Humans cause the majority of forest fires. Campers that do not put out their bond fire or campers littering lit cigarette bud are responsible for such an action. Natural occurrence such as lightning could spark a forest fire but the probability is small compared to human action. The convention way of putting out or reducing the spread of forest fire has been airliners. These airliners are filled with gallons and galloons of water. With limited capacity, these airliners fly above the flame and deposit galloons of water. For the purpose of this paper, deforestation simply means the lost of trees where the lost of trees exceeds the level of sustainable development. One of the major effects of forest fire is the burning of carbon dioxide into our atmosphere. This eventually creates a greenhouse affect and global warming. The effect damages our ecosystem as well as reduces one of Canada†s precious natural resource. Many projects, both from government funding and corporate sponsors, have done a good job increasing the awareness and risk related to deforestation. Pests directly affect the quantity and quality of forest nursery seedlings and can indirectly cause losses by disrupting reforestation plans or reducing survival of out planted stock. The movement of infested stock can disseminate pests to new areas. Since control of nursery pests may be based on pesticide usage, pest outbreaks may lead to environmental contamination. Woodland damage caused by livestock is a well-documented, yet persistent, forest health problem. Soil compaction, root disturbance and trunk/root collar damage caused by livestock reduce the vigor of trees. This paves the way for armillaria root rot, borers and other opportunistic organisms. Livestock also destroy the forest under story (reproduction), which hastens soil erosion and limits the future productivity of the site. The resulting forest decline reduces the quality, value and longevity of current and future trees on the site. Eliminating livestock from woodlands is the first step toward a healthier, more productive forest. As mentioned earlier in this paper, ice storm is a natural phenomenon caused by nature whereas forest fire are a result of human actions and preventable. One of the major differences between fire and ice storm is the rate of damage. Forest fire has a direct impact on the woodlands by changing the diversity of the landscape. Forest fire wipes out an entire landscape of trees causing a release of carbon dioxide. This ‘in lieu† effect results in global warming as well as greenhouse effect. The release of carbon dioxide has a long-term effect to our ecosystem. Carbon dioxide is trapped in our ozone layer making airways less preamble. This trapping effect eventually radiates heat causing global warming. The long-term effect is hazardous and changes our biodiversity. Ice storm has very little affect to our ozone layer. Damage to woodlands as a result of ice storm is concentrated within that area. Ice storm does not spread like fire does so areas that have been hit by an ice sto rm affect woodlands Pests and disease slowly eroded the quantity as well as quality of woodland. Infected woodland slows the development of growth by eroding the soil limiting the production of trees. Pest control and good forest management could improve the quality and well as productivity in these areas. Pests and diseases cause a slow change in biodiversity. As the woodland become infested, animals feeding from leafs and branch find it less desirable, eventually leaving the area in search of more suitable woodland. Similarly, forest fire, pests and disease spread but at a much slower rate. These agents infect the trees, eventually penetrating the roots and moving on to the next host. As mentioned previous, ice storm does not spread, rather the effect stays within the area. To conclude, fire and pests/disease are similar in the way these agents spread and infect their host. The preceding sentence can be best thought of as a virus infected it†s host as an analogy. Fire spreads at a much faster rate than pests/disease and the impact are instant. Both of these agents have long-term effect, which does not work in our favor. Ice storm affects the area it hits and will not spread. Furthermore, ice storms are predictable whereas fire is not since the cause of fire is human mistake and is hard to predict. Ice storms are not preventable but human actions can be prevented. The potential of damage from fire is far more severe than that of ice storm. We must increase the awareness to ensure that our woodland remains healthy and protect our ecosystem.

Learning Activities Essay

Think about your own organization and the people related records that it stores Identify five records that would fit within any of the identified reasons for keeping records outlined above (you will find more information on these on p278 –p280 of the course textbook). Explain why your organization needs to maintain and use these records (provide examples of how they are actually used where you can). Training Records – At Enterprise we have a spreadsheet called â€Å"The Matrix†, this stores each employed persons training records. It is a basic excel spreadsheet with a column for names and a list of each of the available courses within Enterprise along the top. As soon as an employee has been on a course this will be inputted on to the spreadsheet along with the expiry date (if there is one) so we can ensure all personnel have valid records. Having this information available is very important, due to the nature of our work we need to show that we are keeping our employees safe by having valid training records. For example if there is an accident on site and an employee has hit an underground cable, we would need to be able to show that the person has valid training records for â€Å"safe digging† to our Health and Safety officer otherwise we as a company could be seeing as being negligent when we have a duty of care towards our employees, this could result in claims against the organization. Invoice Tracker – Every week invoices are sent in from our DSP’s to each of our contracts within the Trowbridge office. I am the project manager of shrouding and have 2 invoices sent in from each of the companies working for me. Leven’s & MOYAD construction. Once these invoices are emailed to me I will copy and record the information on to my â€Å"surveying† spreadsheet. This spreadsheet contains all site numbers ever worked on by each of my sub contractors and to what percentage that they were done on which day. Having  this information is vital to my contract I need to be able to check that each site is not being invoiced on more than one occasion as well as to the percentage that is required. Also on this spreadsheet it shows how much money will be due to be paid to both the contractor and Enterprise. Showing weekly turn over information and that we are hitting profit margins are essential on monthly meetings. Also if there was ever a dispute of pay, being able to refer to this information is important. Employee personnel Files – Each employee of Enterprise has their own personnel file. This file contains full name, address, date of birth, bank details, sickness and holiday absence details as well as written warnings (if they have any) and their signed Enterprise contract stating what their job role is and salary. These files are used when appropriate, usually when employees details need updating or they have booked holiday. Online Time Sheets – Every week every employee within Enterprise must fill out an online time sheet in order to be paid. The guys on site bring in a written version of this for the person who deals with time sheets to update their online version. This is so that any absence is recorded whether it be for half an hour or for an hour, this provides accurate attendance percentages and highlights regular patterns of absence. Curriculum Vitae – For every Job advertisement that is put on the job websites a large number of CV’s from potential applicants. These are all then filtered down to persons with most experience and knowledge of the role that we are looking to fill. These persons will then be asked to interview, if they are not successful we will still store there CV on file for six months. This is a helpful system and saves re advertising for the same job if a vacancy arose for that position. Learning activity two Again think about your own organization. For the five records you have identified above, identify and describe how the records are stored. Explain the rationale for this. Training Records – These records are stored on Microsoft Excel, this system allows us to filter out what’s relevant and what isn’t depending on the persons records we are searching. As soon as a course is booked for an employee the date of the course is put on the system till the certificate is received, at which point the expiry date ( if there is one) will then be entered in it’s place. Invoice Tracker – The invoice surveying data sheet is in Microsoft Excel, this allows easy copy and pasting of data from spreadsheet to spreadsheet. Once an invoice has been received all data from the invoice will be extracted by copying and recorded on to the surveying form by pasting in to the relevant columns. Employee Personnel Files – These are all held in a locked filing cabinet in alphabetical order. Any new employee will have an personnel file created on their day of induction. All of their personal information will be stored in here and updated when necessary. Online Time Sheet – The online time sheet is kept on our internal server database, It is a case of simply going in to â€Å"online time sheet† on the server, clicking on last weeks week, and inputting the hours worked during that day. CV’s – All CV’s received from suitable job applicants will be stored in a file on the computer. They will be copied from the Enterprise email inbox and pasted in to the file, or scanned if received through the post. Learning activity three Take one of the examples of areas of organizational activity that require accurate information to facilitate decision making. For this example: Identify and describe how the data is gathered Provide at least three examples of the sort of information that is derived and why it is useful Describe how the information is used to inform the decision making process Describe how and to whom the information is presented Draw up a list of these. Curriculum Vitea when advertising a vacancy: Once Enterprise have advertised a vacancy on the system, this will be logged on to the job centre website and other job search sites. With an Enterprise email to send all Cv’s too, there is also an address for those who are unable to send via email. All CV’s are automatically filtered in to a separate email inbox, and posted CV’S are scanned in to the system as well and will wait for review by the relevant persons. Once a significant amount of CV’s have been sent in the filtering process will begin, for example if we were advertising a Data input/Administration role we would look for experience in those titles from previous roles. Or a qualification in business administration. Filtering through this information is important so as to find the right person for employment. Once the CV’s have been filtered through they will be passed on to the office manager for review. They will then pick names from the persons filtered and make an appointment for interview. The interview is carried out by our office manager and a member of staff who will be training the potential candidate. The candidate will be asked a series of questions relating to their working background and what their skills are as well as a question on Enterprise this usually tells us straight away whether they had made the effort to do some research. This goes down very well with the office manager. Once all interviews have been carried out they will be filtered down to three potential employees who will go to the final stage of the Interview process which is a trial half day. The people who were not successful will be sent a standard letter telling them that their CV will be kept on file for 6 months. Trial half day consists of a member of staff who has a good knowledge of the role being taken on, And the potential employee. They will be shown what to  do and given tasks to get on with. Once all three candidates have been in for this, the office manager, the trainee and and a member of office staff will sit down and make a decision based on how well they got on, how quickly they learned the tasks and general attitude within the workplace. This person would then be informed of their success and will be given a start date. The two other candidates will be sent a standard letter informing them that they were unsuccessful on this occasion and that their CV will be kept on file. The short listed CV’s will be kept in a separate folder to the other batch of CV’s. Learning activity four Consider what data gathering methods you might use for a particular information gathering requirement. Cover: The specifics of the requirement The method(s) used Reason for using that particular method Any considerations in using the particular method Interviews – Potential employees, this method is perfect for getting to know the candidate, asking any questions not answered in their CV. Consider writing down all questions you are thinking of asking to avoid forgetting to ask. Surveys – Surveys are a good way to gather data from a large number of people when it’s impractical to meet them face to face, it is a good method of getting an opinion on a product, service or company. Surverys can be both formal where the results are due to statistical, reliability and validity. And informal where the results are anecdotal – Anecdotal The definition of anecdotal is something that is story-like or something that is based on stories and retellings, not based on provable facts. Observations – Direct observations are a good way of recording data, especially in a working environment, they are often done in conjunction with  another data gathering method that is used to fill in the gaps and answer questions. Observations must be arranged with plenty notice to the person you are observing and the permission from management. Consider getting someone who can tell you what to look for with regards to what you are observing, for example the use of a new mechanical device in a warehouse. Learning activity five Explore the information under the link above, then tackle the following: List the eight principles of the DPA with a brief explanation of each What does the DPA say about the rights of individuals to access to data kept on them? List at least five measures you might take to protect personnel information The eight principles of the DPA Data Protection act are the following: 1: Processing personal data fairly and lawfully, It means that you must have legitimate reason for collecting and using personal data, you must not use the data in way that have unjustified adverse effects on the individual concerned, be clear on how you intend to use the data, handle the personal data in ways they would expect and make sure you do not do anything unlawful with the data. 2: Processing personal data for specified purposes, meaning you must be clear from the offset as to why you require the information and what you are going to do with it, comply with the acts fair processing requirements – including the duty to give privacy notices to individuals when collecting their personal data. You must also comply with what the act says about notifying the information commissioner and ensure that if you wish to use or disclose the personal data for any purpose that is additional to or different from the originally specified purpose, the new use or disclosure is fair. 3: The Amount of personal data you hold; Personal data should be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed. Meaning that you hold personal data about an individual that is sufficient for the purpose you are holding it for in relation to  that individual and you do not hold more information that you need for that purpose. 4: Keeping personal data accurate and up to date; personal data shall be accurate and when necessary up to date, to comply with this you should take reasonable steps to ensure the accuracy of any personal data you obtain, ensure that the source of any personal data is clear, carefully consider any challenges to the accuracy of the information, and consider whether it is necessary to update the information. 5: Retaining personal data; personal data processed or any purpose shall not be kept for loner than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes. Meaning review the length of time you keep personal data, consider the purpose or purposes you hold the information for in deciding whether and how long for to retain it, securely delete information that is no longer needed for this purpose or these purposes; and update, archive or securely delete information that goes out of date. 6: The rights of individuals; Personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects under this act; the rights of access to copy the information compromised in their personal data; a right to object to processing that is likely to cause or is cause damage or distress, a right to prevent processing for direct marketing, a right to object to decisions being taken by automated means, a right in certain circumstances to have accurate personal data rectified, blocked, erased or destroyed, and a right to claim compensation for damages caused by a breach of the act. 7: information security; appropriate technical and organizational measures shall be taken against unauthorized or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. It means you will need to design and organize your security to fit the nature of the personal data you hold and the harm that may result from a security breach; be clear about who in your organization is responsible for ensuring information security; make sure that you have the right physical and technical security, back up by robust policies and procedures and  reliable, well trained staff as well as being ready to respond to any breach of security swiftly and effectively. 8: Sending personal data outside the European Economic Area; personal data should not be transferred to a country or territory outside the #EEA unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level od protection for the rights and freedoms od data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data. Individuals who wish to access personal data on themselves commonly known as subject access; Can do so by writing a request to the company with possibly paying a fee, this entitles them to be told whether their personal data is being processed, they can request that they are given a description of the personal data, the reasons it is being processed and whether it will be given to any other organizations or people. The individual can also be given a copy of the information compromising the data and be given details of the source of the data. An individual can also request the reasons as to why any automated decisions are made for example a computer generated decision on credit. Whether to allow or deny. The individual is entitled only to their own personal data and not to information relating to other people. If I was running my own company the five measures I would put in place to protect the personal data are the following: Install a fire wall, anti spy ware and virus checking on all computers, this is a very common security implication, this would protect my computers from viruses which have the potential to download information from my computers to theirs. Anti spyware provides a monitoring service which stops programs being installed that can read passwords, bank details and other sensitive data. Protect computer files with passwords: Protecting files with passwords is a good way of keeping data restricted; I would ensure that only a few members of staff have the password and that it is changed on a regular basis. Disposing of computers; All old computers should be destroyed correctly, by using a recognized computer disposal service or by destroying the hard disk. Any old computers despite deleting the data, can still be accessed. Email information securely: Consider whether the email should be password protected. Learning activity six Look at the information provided under the link above, then tackle the following: What are the two ways that public authorities are obliged to provide information? What is the public interest test? What is a vexatious request? Try to interpret your answers using your own words Public authorities are obliged to publish information about their activities, as well as members of the public are entitled to request information from them. Public authorities must publish information proactively; The freedom of Information act requires every public authority to have a publication scheme. A publication scheme is a commitment by the council to make information available routinely, without waiting for someone specifically to request it. The publication scheme must state a promise to make certain levels of information routinely available such as who you are and what you do, the services you offer, organizational structure, policies and procedures, Contracts and reports, minutes of meetings, annual requests and financial information. Once the publication has been created it must first be approved by The Information Commissions Office ICO. Information in the publication scheme represents the minimum that must be shown, if a member of the public wants information that is not on this, they can still ask for it. Members of the publican request information from public authority and they have two separate ways in which they can respond: 1: Tell the applicant whether you hold any information that matches the criteria of what they have requested. 2: to provide them with the requested information Usually the request should be responded to within 20 working days. When receiving a request it must be in the form of a letter of email to be valid under The Freedom Of Information Act, the request must include their name, address and a description of the information requested, the act covered information not specific documents. The public interest test is a guidance document provided by The Information Commissioners Office,he has produced this series of good practice guidance designed to aid understanding and application of the FOIA The aim is to show some of the key areas of the freedom of information act and to help guide on how to respond to information requests. The guidance provided by the ICO is only a starting point going from research I found: section 1 of FOIA sets out the right to any person making a request for information to a public authority these are: The right to be informed Whether the information is held or not by the authority and if so then The right to have that information communicated to them. In principle it states that both these rights need to be treated separately. When applying the public interest test, consideration should be given first to whether it is right to confirm or deny whether the information is held and secondly whether the information should be supplied. To decide whether a request is vexatious you would need to look at the following: Can the request be seen as obsessive Is the request harassing the authority or causing distress to staff Would complying with the request impose significant burden in terms of expense and distraction ( with regards to employees) Is the request designed to cause disruption or annoyance Does the request lack any serious purpose or value You should be able to decipher whether the request is vexatious by looking at  these headings. Learning activity seven There are many methods of keeping records or information, some of which are computerized. Identify three types of records or information that relate to an area of business and inform decision making in that area. For each of the three types: Describe how the information/record is stored How reason for storing the information/record in this way How the storage method meets the requirements of the DPA Keeping records of employees sickness and absence, we keep his electronically on the system in a password secured file. Each person has there own line on a spread sheet and each day they are off that date will be marked in red, with a comment attached to it stating why the person was off sick. Any sick notes will be scanned in to the system and stored within that persons file. We ensure that this file is secure at all time and only management have access to it. Reasons for this is that we want to ensure other employees cant see other peoples absence and reasons for being off sick as that is private and confidential. The DPA states the following: obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes adequate, relevant and not excessive to the purpose for which the data are required accurate and, where necessary, kept up-to-date kept secure against unlawful or unauthorised processing, or accidental loss or erasure This is compliant with the Data protection act as we have only managers who have access to the file. We must keep this information as up to date as possible as absence and sickness in the work place can highlight problem areas that need to be looked at and resolved. Keeping CV’s – These are all stored in a file on the main system, these can be accessed by the nominated filter processors who are usally a member of the team which the vacancy is for, and the manager of that dept. This is so  they can access them when needed. CV’s are usually kept for a year and then disposed of. This is compliant with the DPA’s standards as we don’t keep information longer than we need to as well as having only a select few people who are able to access the information. Training certificate records – All certificates are kept in our personnel files, however our training dept at head office also holds a copy as when the training is carried out a copy of the cert is sent to them also. This information is recorded on our training matrix and updated accordingly. We store the certificates in this way so that we can see who requires training and when. Also if anything happens on site and our health and safety officer needs to see what training they have in place we can have it available as soon as possible for him. Our storage methods meet the requirements of the DPA by keeping the information secure, all our employees have access to their records when required. We do advise that when we receive a certificate that they come in for a copy to put in their own records at home. Learning activity eight Take one example from the context of your organisation where information has been sourced, collected, analysed and then interpreted to inform decision making. For this example: State why the information was needed (how was it intended to support decision making?) How was it sourced? What method of data gathering was used and why? Show an output from the analysis of the data (example: pie chart, bar chart) Sickness and Absence – The information is gathered from employees time sheets which are handed in weekly to the office manager the time sheet consists of a basic table on an A4 piece of paper that requires the employees to input their hours. This will then be handed in and inputted manually. This can then be printed off and used. Sickness and absence information is required once a month at the operations meetings, the operations manager will go through with the contracts manager as to why someone was off for a period of time whether it was due to sickness, was a doctors note provided or whether it is a reoccurring unauthorized absence. If it is an re occurring unauthorized absence; this will be highlighted with our HR Department at head office. Once this happens our HR representative Jo Betts will arrange an interview with the person to get to the bottom of why they are having this time off and whether an improvement program can be put in place. Usually they will be issued with a warning and put on an attendance watch if they cannot give a valid reason as to why they aren’t coming in to work. This bar chart is in my Evidence folder 02.07 document Learning activity nine Look at the example above – and considering the broad principles of a dashboard – describe how you might create a dashboard (or describe an existing dashboard What areas of information would/does it contain? From where would you source the data to populate the dashboard? Who would use the dashboard and why? I would create a dashboard based on training record information; it would show what percentage of employees had valid training records and what percentage have them but they are out of date.. I would also have an accident chart, we have a few accidents a month relating from hitting underground BT cables and water pipes, as well as employees having accidents from climbing electric poles. Due to the fact most of our accidents are fairly similar, I would be able to group them easily by title. We provide training courses for all of these incidents such as â€Å"pole top rescue† and â€Å"Safe digging practices†, so where an employee may not have a valid training record for this, and that employee was involved in the accident this would be a good way of highlighting why the accident happened in the first place and that he should not be carrying out that particular job without undergoing training. I would source the training data from the Training Matrix file system. This  information is kept up to date at all times and is readily available to me when I need it. The accident data is kept with our Health and Safety manager, I would request the information from him. The dashboard would be a great tool to take to Operations meetings where our health and safety manager goes over the level of accidents and training carried out for that month. He can then compare using a bar chart whether there are a higher percentage of valid training records for that month in comparison to others. Learning activity ten Read the information contained under the link above, then tackle the following: A Balanced Scorecard approach generally has four perspectives – what are they? What are the potential benefits of using a balanced scorecard? Why is feedback essential? A balanced score card is defined as â€Å" a strategic planning and management system used to align business activities to the vision statement of an organization† in more simple and realistic terms a balance score card attempts to translate the sometimes vague, hopes of a companies mission statement in to the practicalities od managing the business better at every level. To produce your own balance score card you must know and understand: The companies mission statement The companies strategic plan/vision The financial status or the company How the organization is currently structured and operating The level of expertise of their employees Customer satisfaction level. The four perspectives that the Balanced score card generally has are that of: Finance – in which covers the following areas: Return on investment Cash flow Return on capital employed Financial results Quarterly/Yearly Internal Business processes – which covers the following areas: Number of activities per year Function Duplicate activities across functions Process alignment (is the process in the right dept.)(When the organization’s business processes, quality definitions and measures are aligned to the strategy) Process bottlenecks Process automation (A general technology term that is used to describe any process being automated through the use of computers and computer software. Processes that have been automated require less human intervention and less human time to deliver) Learning and Growth – which covers the following areas: Is there the correct level of expertise for the job Employee turnover Job Satisfacti0on Training/Learning opportunities Customer – Which covers the following areas: Delivery performance to customer Quality performance for customer Customer satisfaction rate Customer percentage of market Customer retention rate. The benefits of using a balanced score card are that it enables you to see a mixture of financial and non financial measures each compared to a target value within a single concise ( expressing alot of detail in a few words†¦) report. Once the Balanced score card is implemented within the organization you should see improved processes. Motivated educated employees Enhances information systems Monitored progress Greater customer satisfaction Increased financial usage. However for any software to work effectively it should be: Compliant with your current technology platform Always accessible to everyone – Everywhere Easy to understand/update/communicate The balanced score card is only of good use when available to everyone, not by keeping it hidden. Feedback is essential and should be contributed to by everyone within the business Carol do I need to go on to discuss the 360 degree feedback here?

White a newspaper article about how communication is important in Research Paper

White a newspaper article about how communication is important in business(2 page).and write a reflection for the newspaper article (3 page) - Research Paper Example The communication can be formal or be put in such a manner that it appears casual. The presentation of the message would be dependent on the message that the company would want to send out to the intended end user. This paper is a newspaper article that will look at the importance of communication in business then conduct a reflection of the article. Good communication for a business results in better overall performance. Communication in a business results in proper coordination in an organization. When the different departments in a company share the relevant information on the different topics that are relevant to them, they have the information that they need to perform their tasks accurately. Departments need information from each other so that they can make the right decisions such as communication between the procurement and sales departments on the amount of available inventory so as to be able to make more orders. Good communication in a company also ensures that the employees work together to achieve the mission and vision of the company and tells the stakeholders of the progress that the company has made. Communication has the effect of producing better relationships with clients. The clients feel that they have the information that they need so as to continue using the product or services that are provided by the company. Even in cases where a company might fail to deliver what is expected of them, or what they had promised to deliver to a client, communication still matters. The clients feel satisfied that the company tried their best, and they were courteous enough to share their attempts, failures and successes. Communication leads to higher levels of innovation in a business. Businesses are composed of different people from different backgrounds based on differences in religious, economic and social backgrounds. The diversity of such kind of groups leads to the generation of ideas that are new and more efficient in comparison to ideas that

How Wi-Fi Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How Wi-Fi Works - Essay Example Considering the significance that Wi-Fi has in technological development and advancement, it is essential that critical analysis is done on its mode of operation (Harrington 18). Based on such a perspective, this paper discusses and analyzes the operation mechanics of Wi-Fi, in easier terms, how Wi-Fi works. As already stated above, Wifi is a technological aspect that allows for the sharing of data and internet connectivity, where it emits frequencies between 2.4 to 5 ghz depending on the data amount available on the network used (Trulove 102). This is a very higher frequency compared to that used by cell phones and televisions and hence allows for the distribution of more data. It is projected that by the pace of current technological development, it will be possible to access the wireless network from any part of the world at any one particular time. One aspect of substantive significance in the study of technology and most especially the wireless technology is that despite its widespread use across the globe, very few individuals actually understand even the basics involved in the operation of these wireless technologies (Wei 61). Like other wireless connections, Wifi uses radio waves for the transmission of information over a particular network (Wei 78), with a major advantage of its high compatibility with almost all operating systems, over other many technologies. However, one critical contrast about Wifi in comparison to other wireless connections is that whereas other wireless connections require access points and routers, essential for the coordination of network traffic for many clients, Wifi operates without any access point instead it supports ad hoc mode connection type allowing devices to network in a peer-to-peer fashion (Harrington 29). In their operation, Wifi works with 802.11 standards of networking (Trulove 107).

Animated Comedy Analysis (comparison and discuss) Essay

Animated Comedy Analysis (comparison and discuss) - Essay Example uth Park, have written scripts that are laced with these lacerations that have the main aim of addressing racism in the American society and tell the story to the world at large using comedy as a medium to best portray this message. Animated comedies are believed to best capture and impact the minds of the viewer’s population than the action live comedies like sitcoms (Fels et al 296). The productions of these animated comedies have however elicited a lot of criticism as to whether the main aim of these comedy pieces is effectively addressing this social vice of racism amongst other societal issues like gender, class and sexuality by the use of cartoon medium or it’s a mere ridicule of the same social issues. A close analysis of the episodes of an animated comedy like South Park created by Trey Parker and Matt stone gives a clear picture of the context of race and vulgarism. The characters seem to be uttering a lot race related terminologies like the epithet â€Å"nigger† as a form of ridicule but passing a message that makes the race issue to appear as a thing of the past and the society at large has moved on (Weinstock 82). The aim of an animated comedy like South Park is to shine a torch where many have dreaded to shine a torch, race related issues are sensitive in nature because of the controversies that results when the subject is touched on but with the use of race ridicule platform in this animation gives an a approach that is blunt in nature in portraying racism in the society. Racism activism is normally related with the 18nth centuries and early 19nth centuries with race activists like Martin Luther king who took the main role of talking against racial segregation and discrimination. Race related issue in the present time appears to be a thing of the â€Å"past† that does not need much concentration because of the normalcy of interaction and good relationship ties between the races. South Park exposes the various instances of race related issues in

Quantitative Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quantitative Research Methods - Essay Example There are a number of factors that can be expected to have important role in determining the cognitive ability of individuals in their childhood. These factors include various characteristics of a child including gender, birth weight, breast feeding, etc., parental factors like parent qualification, parents’ social class etc. socioeconomic issues of family including ethnicity, religion, income, housing etc., other family related issues like childcare, bedtime, ability to read, etc. and geographical factors. This study will make an attempt to find which of these factors have significant effect on cognitive ability of children in UK. The thesis statement for this research can be stated as follows: Various children specific, parental, family specific and geographic factors affect cognitive ability of individuals at early age. Against this thesis statement the following research questions can be made: How do children specific factors like gender, birth weight, breast feeding etc a ffect the cognitive ability of a child? How do various parental factors like parents’ qualification, social class, etc. affect the cognitive ability of a child? How do socioeconomic factors related to a family, like ethnicity, religion, income, housing, etc. ... hypothesis: Children specific factors like gender, birth weight, breast feeding etc do not significantly affect the cognitive ability of a child Alternative hypothesis: children specific factors like gender, birth weight, breast feeding etc significantly affect the cognitive ability of a child. Hypotheses related to second research question: Null hypothesis: Various parental factors like parents’ qualification, social class, etc. do not significantly affect the cognitive ability of a child. Alternative hypothesis: Various parental factors like parents’ qualification, social class, etc significantly affect the cognitive ability of a child. Hypotheses related to third research question: Null hypothesis: Socioeconomic factors related to a family, like ethnicity, religion, income, housing, etc. do not significantly affect cognitive ability of a child. Alternative hypothesis: Socioeconomic factors related to a family, like ethnicity, religion, income, housing, etc. significa ntly affect cognitive ability of a child. Hypotheses related to fourth research question: Null hypothesis: Family related factors like bedtime, ability to read, childcare, etc. do not significantly affect cognitive ability of a child. Alternative hypothesis: Family related factors like bedtime, ability to read, childcare, etc. significantly affect cognitive ability of a child. Hypotheses related to fifth research question: Null hypothesis: Geographical factors do not significantly affect cognitive ability of a child. Alternative hypothesis: Geographical factors significantly affect cognitive ability of a child. In order to test these hypotheses a statistical test of regression will be conducted. The data and method for the test will be discussed in the next section. Data and Method: Sample data: For

Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Tort Law - Essay Example It should be seen in the sense that, the most courts do not mark out the bounds of duty that limits the defendant responsibility. What they sometimes do is protecting the interests of the individual who is seen to have suffered a loss. However, it is also important for the courts to be able to limit the defendant’s responsibilities because of the problems arising due to â€Å"floodgates†. In addition, sometimes the courts treat certain groups of defendants leniently through limiting their liabilities in some of the cases 1 On the other hand, the courts can decide to draw a line marking out the duty bounds to protect the interest as well as giving out compensation to the individuals who have gone through suffering and injury. This act of fairness is considered the major aims of tort law. Limitations placed on the defendants responsibilities act as a fundamental necessity to prevent a situation in which countless, potentially tenuous or spurious, claims that are against the tortfeasor. The policies that restrict the bounds of duty try to ensure justice and reasonable compensation to the victim. This is done without exposing the claimants to a given level that he or she might get tempted and the defendants to such a hard labor that would be as a result of lack of policies and precedent. Many attempts have been there to help in establishing the bounds on duty such as Dongue v Stephenson that has gone through development, to more recently the Caparo test that states that the act or omission must be foreseeable, just and proximate, fair and reasonable in order to have a care of duty. This case was central to the formation of duty of care, which was which was an important concept that limited the responsibility by outlining the idea of a reasonable man. The Capro test evolved from this case, and it is becoming clear that many courts are attempting to defendants responsibilities. Another case

Managerial interview (What you think to be a good manager) Essay

Managerial interview (What you think to be a good manager) - Essay Example When doing peer review in order to learn to praise and be appreciated, it is significant to be friendly and nice to the subordinate staff and employees. For instance, a manager can arrange for travel time to give some gifts to people that did not participate in the task. For the all team’s benefits, the collagens is working with you not work for you even your Secretary is working with you but not as a secretary. This will in turn encourage team, as people in the organization will be able to work together like a family. Harmony is very important as it makes the management, employees, and subordinate staff to respect each other. As a manager, always give people a second chance buy not third chances as this might cost the company. However, when the third time happens (mistakes) the manager (him) will write the report based on the truth and reasonable reason. The manager will write the following things to an employee who has committed mistakes; he will write nurture report based o n fact and send them to retrain before being absorbed again. The manager should respect different commons from the team members, but you have to make the decisions on time in order to enhance productivity. 4. management process Managers are usually engaged in motivating, planning, organizing, decision making and controlling. These managerial processes are very significant for the success of the company because they transcend individual ability of the manager and influence the entire company. A manager should realize that Organizing is very important because it makes a manager to understand everybody’s positions. Controlling give people second chance not third chance. It is significant that a manager to plan everything in time and ensure that everybody has the work structure (menu)... Managers are usually engaged in motivating, planning, organizing, decision making and controlling. These managerial processes are very significant for the success of the company because they transcend individual ability of the manager and influence the entire company. A manager should realize that Organizing is very important because it makes a manager to understand everybody’s positions. Controlling give people second chance not third chance. It is significant that a manager to plan everything in time and ensure that everybody has the work structure (menu) to avoid confusion. To be a good manager, it is good to go to the office every Sunday noon to prepare the working plan. For instance, at this company, every day the manager gives collagens time to relax and take some coffee. A good manager should have a plan B back up plan. I have to understand the team member’s thoughts and motivate them to attain the same goal. In addition, you have to listen to the opinions of emp loyees and other staff in order to improve personal relationship. The last, not least, when bad thing happens remember, you are the Capitan, take the responsibility, and learn from past mistakes because it encourages the collagen that mistakes do happens. Learn from the lesson in order to keep long-lasting success.

Power Electronics Intensive Solutions Essay Example for Free

Power Electronics Intensive Solutions Essay Abstract—There is a clear trend in the automotive industry to use more electrical systems in order to satisfy the ever-growing ve-hicular load demands. Thus, it is imperative that automotive elec-trical power systems will obviously undergo a drastic change in the next 10–20 years. Currently, the situation in the automotive in-dustry is such that the demands for higher fuel economy and more electric power are driving advanced vehicular power system volt-ages to higher levels. For example, the projected increase in total power demand is estimated to be about three to four times that of the current value. This means that the total future power de-mand of a typical advanced vehicle could roughly reach a value as high as 10 kW. In order to satisfy this huge vehicular load, the ap-proach is to integrate power electronics intensive solutions within advanced vehicular power systems. In view of this fact, this paper aims at reviewing the present situation as well as projected future research and development work of advanced vehicular electrical power systems including those of electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles (EVs, HEVs, and FCVs). The paper will first introduce the proposed power system architectures for HEVs and FCVs and will then go on to exhaustively discuss the specific applications of dc/dc and dc/ac power electronic converters in advanced automo-tive power systems. Index Terms—Electric propulsion, electric vehicles (EVs), fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), internal com-bustion engines, motor drives, power converters, semiconductor devices. I. INTRODUCTION. BY THE time the commercialization of the next-generation car comes around, advanced power electronics and motor drives will have already established themselves as prime compo-nents of advanced vehicular drive trains. Advanced power elec-tronic converters and traction motor drives will be responsible for a major part of the vehicle’s energy usage. As of now, the automotive market is making rapid developments in case of the hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Commercially available HEVs include the Toyota Prius, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Lexus RX 400 h, Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid, Honda Accord Hybrid, and Ford Escape Hybrid. In the case of future HEVs, power electronic converters and associated motor drives, which control the flow of electrical energy within the HEV power system, promise to be the keys to making HEVs more fuel efficient and emit lower harmful pollutants. Manuscript received March 15, 2005; revised October 26, 2005. Recom-mended by Associate Editor J. Shen. The authors are with Electric Power and Power Electronics Center, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616-3793 USA (e-mail: [emailprotected] edu). Digital Object Identifier 10. 1109/TPEL. 2006. 872378 As is well known, in the first half of the past century, the 6-V electrical system in automobiles served the purpose of ignition, cranking, and a satisfying few lighting loads [1]–[5]. Since then, there has been a constant rise in vehicular power requirement. Performance loads, such as electric steering, that were tradition-ally driven by mechanical, pneumatic, and hydraulic systems, are now increasingly being replaced by the electrically driven systems, in order to increase the performance and efficiency of operation. Furthermore, luxury loads have also increased over time, imposing a higher demand of electrical power [3]. It must be pointed out here that the rate of increase of automotive loads is assumed to be about 4% per year. Thus, such load demands have resulted in the need to scale up the onboard vehicular power level. Considering these aspects, several decades ago, the voltage was raised from its earlier 6-V level to the present day 12-V level and, now with an ever-in-creasing demand forecasted into the future, there is a need to switch over to much higher voltage levels of 42 V, 300 V, or higher, as the case may be [3]–[5]. Due to the high voltage levels being produced in HEVs, it becomes essential to have dc/dc converters to supply all the auxiliary loads on board the vehicle. Although the dc/dc converter technology is well devel-oped for low-power applications at lower cost, much work needs to be done for high-power applications. It is an immense chal-lenge to meet all the vehicle standards for electromagnetic in-terference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) as well as specifications of reliability and packaging [4], [5]. In ad-dition, power electronic converters also dictate how and when fuel/electricity is used in HEVs. A suitable dc/ac inverter draws dc power from the batteries to drive the electric traction motor, which in turn provides power to the wheels. The dc/ac inverter also performs the function of recharging the batteries during re-generative braking in HEVs. Based on this fundamental background, proving the criticality of power electronics for HEV applications, this paper will re-view the role of power electronics and compare the associated advanced power system architectures for HEV as well as electric vehicle (EV) and fuel cell vehicle (FCV) applications. The var-ious design issues for power electronics intensive HEV and FCV power systems and the current and future trends will be high-lighted. In addition, the proposed 42-V PowerNet is also focused upon, emphasizing on the description of its key capabilities and requirements. Furthermore, the paper will also discuss the mild hybrid vehicle, wherein the major opportunities for automotive power electronics are outlined. Finally, few system-level issues 0885-8993/$20. 00  © 2006 IEEE 568IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 21, NO. 3, MAY 2006 Fig. 1. Conventional 14-V dc power system architecture. that drive the relative power electronics size and cost functions will also be addressed. II. CONVENTIONAL AUTOMOTIVE POWER SYSTEMS AND| Fig. 2. Typical representation of the more electric hybrid vehicle power system| | CONCEPT OF MORE ELECTRIC VEHICLES (MEV)| | || architecture. | | During the mid 1950s, the automotive industry decided to| | | opt for 12-V electrical power systems for vehicles, since the| | | then popular 6-V system was rapidly becoming plagued by the| and rear-wheel steering, which will be driven electrically in the| | increasing vehicular load demands. The battery became a six-| future. | | cell module instead of three cells, at approximately the same| As is well documented in related literature, most of the fu-| | energy rating. The electrical system demand had risen from the| ture advanced electric loads require power electronic controls. | | 100 W of the early 1900s to typically about 1 kW by the 1990s,| In advanced future vehicles, power electronics is forecasted to| | as more and more electrically powered devices were installed| perform three major tasks. First task is simple on/off switching| | [6]–[8]. | of loads, which is performed by mechanical switches and relays| | The conventional electrical system in an automobile can| in conventional cars [7]. The second task is to act as a suitable| | essentially be divided into the architectural elements of energy| controller for electric traction motors. Finally, power electronics| | storage, generation, starting, and distribution. The distribution| intensive power systems will not only be used for the obvious| | system of a conventional 14-V power system satisfies vehicular| task of changing system voltage levels, but also for converting| | loads such as, interior/exterior lighting, electric motor driven| electrical power from one form to another, using dc/dc, dc/ac,| | fans/pumps/compressors, and instrumentation subsystems [6]. | and ac/dc converters. | | A simple rendition of the conventional 14-V electric power| As mentioned earlier, due to the ever-increasing electrical| | system architecture is shown in Fig. 1. | loads, the automotive industry is opting for more electric power| | As is clear from Fig. 1, the conventional power system ar-| systems. Due to this, MEVs will need highly reliable and fault-| | rangement has a single 14-V dc voltage level, with the vehic-| tolerant electrical power systems to deliver high quality power| | ular loads being controlled by manual switches and relays. As| from the source to the electrical loads. It is extremely important| | mentioned earlier, the present average power demand in an au-| that the voltage level/form in which power is distributed be taken| | tomobile is approximately 1 kW. The voltage in a 14-V system| care of. A higher voltage will reduce the weight and volume| | actually varies between 9 and 16 V at the battery terminals, de-| of the wiring harness, among several other advantages [7], [8]. | | pending on the alternator output current, battery age, state of| Fig. 2 shows the concept of a future hybrid MEV, making use| | charge, and various other minor factors [6], [7]. This results in| of high voltage (300 V) automotive power system architecture. | | overrating the loads at nominal system voltage. In addition to| Currently, the proposed MEVs are at a transitional stage, in-| | these disadvantages, the present 14-V system cannot handle fu-| volving different systems voltage levels [8]. It is expected that| | ture electrical loads to be introduced in the more electric envi-| the future MEV power systems will most likely be comprised of| | ronment of the future cars, as it would be expensive and ineffi-| a single main voltage bus (high voltage) with a provision for hy-| | cient to do so.| brid (dc and ac), multivoltage level distribution and intelligent| | In more electric vehicles (MEVs), there is a trend toward| energy and load management. | | expanding electrical loads and replacement of mechanical| | | and hydraulic systems with more electrical systems. These| III. ADVANCED DRIVE TRAIN ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC,| | loads include lights, pumps, fans, and electric motors for var-| | | | HYBRID ELECTRIC, AND FUEL CELL VEHICLES| | ious functions. In addition, they also include some advanced,| | | | | |electrically assisted vehicular loads, such as power steering,| This section introduces the various drive train arrangements| | air conditioner/compressor, electromechanical valve control,| of pure battery electric vehicles (EV), series/parallel/series-par-| | active suspension/vehicle dynamics, and catalytic converter| allel/complex HEV drive trains, and pure FCV/hybrid FCV| | [6]. Furthermore, additional advanced vehicular loads include,| drive trains. Based on the review done in this section, the| | anti-lock braking, throttle actuation, ride-height adjustment,| ensuing sections will focus on the power electronics intensive| |. EMADI et al. : POWER ELECTRONICS INTENSIVE SOLUTIONS| 569| Fig. 3. Topological arrangement for an electric vehicle (EV) drive train. power system architectures for these advanced drive train arrangements. A. Battery Electric Vehicle (EV) Drive Train Topology A purely electric drive system principally replaces the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the various transmis-sion systems with an all-electric system. As is well known, rechargeable chemical batteries are the traditional option as en-ergy sources for EVs. But they tend to be heavy and expensive to replace over their limited lifetimes. In addition to traditional batteries like lead–acid, nickel metal–hydride (Ni–MH), and nickel–cadmium (Ni–Cd), there are advanced technologies like lithium–polymer (Li-polymer) and lithium–ion (Li–ion) bat-teries. Despite the popularity that these advanced batteries have gained for portable electronic applications, they haven’t quite maintained the same reputation for use in EVs. Most practical EVs still use lead-acid batteries, with the more sophisticated ones using Ni–MH batteries [8], [9]. A basic overview of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) is as shown in Fig. 3. More recently, the automotive industry is cutting back on EV production, and has declared HEVs and FCVs to be the future of advanced vehicle technologies. This is because BEVs cost sig-nificantly more than gasoline vehicles, due to the fact that EV battery modules are currently being produced in very small vol-umes [9]–[11]. Higher vehicle prices are partially offset by the fact that fuel costs for battery electrics are about one-third those of a gasoline-powered vehicle. In addition, BEVs have fewer moving parts than gasoline cars, and hence, require less mainte-nance. The future of battery EVs is somewhat uncertain at this time, but their development has already made important contri-butions to advancing electric drive train and storage technolo-gies needed by both HEVs as well as FCVs [10], [11]. If further breakthroughs in battery technologies occur, BEVs could yet prove to be the future of clean transportation. B. Series HEV Drive Train Topology A series hybrid vehicle is basically an electric vehicle with an on-board battery charger. An ICE is generally run at an optimal efficiency point to drive the generator and charge the propul-sion batteries on-board the vehicle, as shown in Fig. 4. When the state of charge (SOC) of the battery is at a predetermined minimum, the ICE is turned on to charge the battery [12]–[15]. The ICE turns off again when the battery has reached a desir-able maximum SOC. The engine/generator set maintains the battery charge around 65%–75%. It must be noted that, in a se- Fig. 4. Typical layout of a series HEV drive train. Fig. 5. Schematic of a parallel HEV drive train configuration. ries HEV, there is no mechanical connection between the ICE and the chassis. The advantage with the series HEV configuration is that the ICE is running mostly at its optimal combination of speed and torque, thereby, having a low fuel consumption and high effi-ciency. However, there are two energy conversion stages during the transformation of the energy between the ICE and the wheels (ICE/generator and generator/motor) [16], [17]. Some energy is lost because of the two-stage power conversion process. A se-ries hybrid vehicle is more applicable in city driving. C. Parallel HEV Drive Train Topology A hybrid vehicle with the parallel configuration has both the ICE and the traction motor mechanically connected to the trans-mission. A schematic figure of the parallel hybrid is shown in Fig. 5. The vehicle can be driven with the ICE, or the electric motor, or both at the same time and, therefore, it is possible to choose the combination freely to feed the required amount of torque at any given time [18]–[20]. In parallel HEV, there are many ways to configure the use of the ICE and the traction motor. The most widely used strategy is to use the motor alone at low speeds, since it is more efficient than the ICE, and then let the ICE work alone at higher speeds. When only the ICE is in use, the traction motor can function as a generator and charge the battery. A parallel HEV can also have a continuously variable transmission (CVT) instead of a fixed step transmission [19], [20]. With this technique, it is pos-sible to choose the most efficient operating points for the ICE 570IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 21, NO. 3, MAY 2006 Fig. 6. Typical drive train configuration of a series-parallel combined HEV. Fig. 7. Schematic of a complex HEV drive train. at given torque demands freely and continuously. The result is lower fuel consumption due to the inherently more efficient fuel usage. Energy is also saved due to regenerative braking. The advantage with the parallel HEV configuration is that there are fewer energy conversion stages compared to the se-ries HEV and, therefore, a lesser part of the energy is lost [19]. In fact, the parallel HEV drive train depicts fairly lower losses compared to other HEV topologies and, hence, has a compara-tively higher overall drive train efficiency. D. Series-Parallel HEV Drive Train Topology The series-parallel HEV is a combination of the series and parallel hybrids. There is an additional mechanical link between the generator and the electric motor, compared to the series con-figuration, and an additional generator compared to the parallel hybrid, as shown in Fig. 6. With this design, it is possible to com-bine the advantages of both the series and parallel HEV config-urations [20]. It must be highlighted here that the series-parallel HEV is also relatively more complicated and expensive. There are many possible combinations of the ICE and traction motor. Two major classifications can be identified as electric-in-tensive and engine-intensive. The electric-intensive series-par-allel HEV configuration indicates that the electric motor is more active than the ICE for propulsion, whereas, in the engine-inten-sive case, the ICE is more active [20], [21]. A common opera-tive characteristic for both types of series-parallel HEV systems is that the electric motor is used alone at start with ICE turned off. During normal driving, the ICE alone propels the vehicle in the engine-intensive case. On the other hand, the ICE and electric motor propel the vehicle in the electric-intensive case [20]. When acceleration is needed, the electric traction motor is used in combination with the ICE to give extra power in both of the configurations. During braking or deceleration, the trac-tion motor is used as a generator to charge the battery and, in stand still, the ICE can continue to run and drive the generator to charge the battery, if needed. Another form of series-hybrid configuration is shown in Fig. 7, which is a power split HEV topology. This topology includes a planetary gearbox, which connects the ICE, traction motor, and generator. Varying the speed from the two planetary gear pinions, connected to the electric motor and the generator, can control the ICE speed. When the ICE turns off, the vehicle is propelled in the pure electric mode. However, at most of the operating points, the energy flows in a similar fashion to either that of a parallel HEV or to that of a series HEV. In parallel HEV mode, energy flows from ICE via the gearbox to the wheels, whereas, in the series HEV mode of operation, the energy flows from generator and motor to the wheels [21]. The proportion between these two energy flows depends on the overall vehicle speed. Under most operating conditions, this configuration is a combination of series and parallel hybrid vehicle. It is also possible to operate this in parallel mode for some operating conditions. One of the motivating factors for use of the power split HEV topology is to increase the vehicle power capability for a given transmission. This in turn enables the usage of continuously variable transmission concept for light duty HEV propulsion ap-plications, such as pick up trucks and small buses. E. FCV Drive Train Topology. The potential for superior efficiency and zero (or near zero) emissions has long attracted interest to fuel cells as the potential automotive engine of the future. However, systematic efforts to realize the efficiency and emissions benefits of fuel cells in the transportation sector have materialized only in the last 10 years. The overall goal of ongoing fuel cell research and development programs is to develop a fuel cell engine that will give vehicles the range of conventional cars, while attaining environmental benefits comparable to those of battery-powered electric vehi-cles. Although the technology is currently quite expensive, fuel cells offer benefits including high overall efficiency and quiet operation due to few moving parts. A typical fuel cell based propulsion system is shown in Fig. 8. The hydrocarbon fuel such as gasoline, natural gas, methanol, or ethanol is first reformed to obtain the required hydrogen using a reformer (or fuel processor) [22]. This hydrogen rich gas from the reformer is fed to the anode of the fuel cell. It is also possible to store the on-board the vehicle using a pressurized cylinder, instead of using the reformer for con-verting the fuel to -rich gas. The oxygen (or air) is fed in to the cathode fuel cell. Depending on the fuel cell stack configu-ration, and the flow of hydrogen and oxygen, the fuel cell stack produces the dc output voltage [22], [23]. The fuel cell stack EMADI et al. : POWER ELECTRONICS INTENSIVE SOLUTIONS| 571| Fig. 8. Typical topological arrangement of a hybrid fuel cell vehicle drive train. output is fed to the power conditioner (power electronic con-verter) to obtain the required output voltage and current. Ide-ally, the power conditioner must have minimal losses leading to a higher efficiency. Power conditioning efficiencies can typ-ically be higher than 90% [24]. IV. POWER ELECTRONICS INTENSIVE POWER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES FOR HEVS A. Advanced Electrical Features in Future HEV Technologies As mentioned earlier, there is a trend in the automotive in-dustry to replace more engine driven mechanical and hydraulic loads with electrical loads, due to higher efficiency, safety re-quirements, and driver’s comfort. All of these new functions re-quire the application of power electronics. In most of the cases, the cost of the power electronics dominates the argument of in-troducing such functions. Many of these functions will only ap-pear in concept vehicles in the projected future. Some of these include luxury loads, such as information and entertainment that have received lots of hype recently. The other class of features is -by wire, where â€Å"† stands for an advanced function such as, â€Å"steer† or â€Å"brake. † Another class of advanced electrical features includes power steering pump, electric ac-tive suspension system, electromechanical valve control, elec-trically heated catalytic converter, air-conditioning systems, and water/oil/fuel pumps [25]. There are also other loads such as throttle actuation, ride-height adjustment, rear-wheel steering, which are proposed to be driven electrically in the future. Fig. 9 depicts a summary of some of the future electrical features auto-motive power systems. It is virtually mandatory that most of the proposed future electric loads will indeed require power elec-tronic controls of some sort. B. Advanced HEV Topology Using ISA System In view of research and development work for MEVs, it must be pointed out that one of the leading breakthroughs in the au-tomotive industry is the introduction of the integrated starter-generator (ISG) system for mild HEVs [26]. The ISG is pri-marily an electric machine with a rotor instead of a flywheel mounted on the crankshaft between the ICE and transmission. A schematic diagram of an ISG system used in conjunction with a high-voltage vehicular power system is shown in Fig. 10. The Fig. 9. Future electrical features in more electric vehicle power systems. Fig. 10. Integrated starter-alternator (ISA) based HEV drive train. ISG provides the functions of an electric starter and an alternator [26], [27]. By using suitable advanced power electronic con-verter systems, it is possible for the ISG to compensate the drive train oscillations to provide more comfort. The power electronic converter system controls the ISG operating state, depending on the load status and the battery charge status. Improved fuel economy and reduced emissions are two prime advantages of an ISG system. Using a start/stop cycle, the ICE is turned off during deceleration or after the vehicle comes to a complete stop. The ISG can be used to propel the vehicle from a stop condition (and/or at a set speed), to restart the ICE. The ISG will also be able to route power produced by regenerative braking into the energy storage devices (batteries or ultra-capac-itors) [26], [27]. It can also be used to provide power enhance-ment, when taking off from a stop, or in added acceleration for passing. C. 42-V/12-V Dual-Voltage Vehicular Electrical Systems The 42-V/12-V dual-voltage architecture is being popularly touted as one of the solutions for the ever-increasing in-vehicle load demand. The operating voltage criteria being considered for 42-V systems are shown in Fig. 11. The maximum dynamic over voltage is limited to 58 V, including the transient voltages 572IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 21, NO. 3, MAY 2006 Fig. 11. Typical operating voltage criteria for 42-V HEV power systems. Fig. 13. Schematic of a dual voltage (14 V and 42 V) architecture using one battery. Fig. 12. Schematic of a dual voltage (14 V and 42 V) architecture using two batteries. [28]. In this case, the system charging voltage is set at 42 V. The entire electrical system in the vehicle is run at a nominal value of 42 V, whenever the engine is running. Some of the advantages of such a system include, high efficiency and performance, less expensive operational procedures, reduced total installed power due to the integration of the mechanical and hydraulic power into the electrical power system, and reduction in the overall design complexity. The transition to an entirely 42-V dominated architecture cannot be done immediately. Therefore, it is assumed that a dual voltage automotive power system will exist at least for a while. There are various ways to implement a power electronics intensive dual voltage power system. The schematic used in Fig. 12 illustrates a dual (42 V–14 V) battery system. Fig. 13 shows a schematic using only one single 42-V battery, and Fig. 14 illustrates a structure in which the dual voltage is generated by a single alternator, which has two output voltages. In the dual battery system, the first (36-V) battery is optimized for high power delivery, while the second (12-V) battery is optimized for low powers to support key-off loads plus hazard lamp operation [28], [29]. In other words, in this structure, the starting function will be isolated from the storage function required for â€Å"key-off† loads. This architecture provides oppor-tunities to improve existing high power loads by moving them to the 42-V side. It also minimizes changes to existing 14-V features, like lighting loads. However, this system has two batteries, which when com-pared with today’s one 14-V battery, implies more cost, weight, and packaging space. The other new component in this system is Fig. 14. Schematic of a dual stator dual voltage (14 V and 42 V) architecture using two batteries. the 42-V/14-V dc/dc converter. The overall cost of power elec-tronics is still considered too high for automotive applications. However, power electronic converters are capable of providing seamless energy transfer between two energy storage batteries and help improve reliability of some critical vehicular functions, which require a backup battery. In contrast, the single battery schematic of Fig. 13 is based on the desire to avoid cost, weight, and packaging problems cre-ated by the additional battery. The idea is that the power man-agement system should be smart enough to manage the key-off loads from depleting the high-voltage battery to the point that the vehicle cannot be started [29]. It is critical to point out here that this architecture also uses a bidirectional dc/dc converter be-tween the 42-V and 14-V buses. The schematic shown in Fig. 14 uses a more complicated alternator, with two sets of stator wind-ings, to provide power separately to the 42-V and 14-V buses. In this structure, again, high power loads are connected to the 42-V bus and the 14-V bus supplies low-power electrical mod-ules [29]. In addition to the above-described architectures, there exist many other strategies and variations of dual-voltage automo-tive power systems. The auto industry at this point is stagnant with regards to selecting appropriate dual-voltage MEV archi-tectures. One of the main focal points of research in selecting EMADI et al. : POWER ELECTRONICS INTENSIVE SOLUTIONS a suitable MEV system is to determine which options provide the best economic value to possible customers. The other major concerns with the introduction of 42-V power systems are phys-ical and practical viability aspects, such as arc faults and ensuing fire hazards. These and various other practical issues are dis-cussed in the following section. 1) Practical Issues Related to 42-V Automotive Power Sys-tems: As is apparent, by increasing the present 14-V network to 42-V, significant component and system changes within the vehicle will be necessitated. One of the major motives for this change is because of the nature of faults and their subsequent consequences, due to the higher current carrying wires in a 42-V automotive power system environment. It is obvious that the ten-dency is to produce longer arc faults, which have to be addressed to provide automotive safety. Wires that are semi-cut or scraped, in all probability, cause longer arc faults at higher system volt-ages. Furthermore, various research issues also arise from the point of view of vehicular power electronics and motor drives. For example, by reducing the mild HEV power system operating voltage (from 150 V/300 V to 42 V), the required current to pro-vide the necessary power increases. Thus, this corresponds to the entire winding of the electric traction machine to be restruc-tured. Issues such as heat transfer and protection also require a detailed investigation before the 42-V architecture becomes practicable in the auto industry. On the other hand, power electronic switches in 42-V sys-tems may be required to handle RMS currents in the proximity of about 400 to 500 amps/phase [29]. Currently, in order to switch such high profile currents, parallel-operated power electronic switches are being proposed, since using single-level switches is highly uneconomical. Recently, advanced MOSFET switches have been introduced for use with prototype 42-V automotive power systems. Trench IGBTs have also made noteworthy progress from the point of view of providing 42-V architectural solutions, wherein the research focus is mainly on solving reliability and short-circuit current capability issues. D. Power Electronics Solutions for HEVs Power electronics is an enabling technology for next genera-tion of vehicles, which should be cleaner, smarter, more precise, more efficient, and more flexible. In the past decades, power electronic devices were avoided mainly because of their cost issues. The reasons for increased interest in automotive power electronics can be separated into the ensuing sections. 1) New Architectures: By increasing new electrical loads, cost and complexity of the system is on the increase. Such archi-tectures need new switching and reliability features. Power elec-tronics makes the possibility of integrating switching and fusing functions into one component with higher reliability. Possibility of implementing different control methods on power electronic systems is another reason to go away from relay switching. Also, by implementing integrated sensing techniques in power elec-tronic devices, diagnosis and fault detection becomes easier to implement. Furthermore, development of clean and energy effi-cient vehicles in future vehicle technologies such as EVs, HEVs, 573 and FCVs is not possible without implementing new architec-tures, which are available using power electronics. 2) Power Conversion on Demand: Most of the auxiliary drives in vehicles are designed for worst-case scenarios. Power electronics and motor drive topologies make it easier to have higher efficiency by providing adjustable speed drives. Es-pecially, engine-cooling fans have been designed recently, implementing power electronic controls and adjustable speed drives. 3) Voltage Conversion on Demand: Different components in vehicles need different levels of voltages. Different voltage levels in dual-voltage architecture are available using power electronic converters. Induction or synchronous machines need ac voltages with high power for propulsion, and small motors for fans and pumps require ac voltage with low power [30], [31]. Converting dc-to-ac voltages and dc-to-dc voltages with different voltage levels is not possible without using power elec-tronic converters. 4) Precise Electronic Control: Engine controls such as igni-tion or fuel injection need precise timing and dynamic control of actuators. Fuel injectors should work on very high pressure with more precise opening time. Engine developers are working on systems to replace the camshaft with electronically controlled variable valves, promising up to 25% more fuel economy. These controls cannot be imagined without the use of power elec-tronics. 5.

Hereford Plays series Essay Example for Free

Hereford Plays series Essay After the complex events of the scene before, Marco jumps in to try and regain his brothers dignity. This is his family and he cannot let Rodolpho be disgraced like that or be hurt; whether it was just a stagger or not, Eddie was out of order and Marco wont allow it. As Catherine and Rodolpho dance, Marco discusses a friendly challenge: Marco takes a chair and places it in front of Eddie. Eddie has to lift the chair as far up as he can with one hand holding it by the bottom of one leg. As Eddie kneels and grasps the leg he lifts it by an inch whereas when Marco tries it he lifts it all the way above his head. This simple action obviously had a motive behind it: to warn Eddie to lay off his brother but Eddie consciously knows that he wont give up that easily. Marco has shown that Eddie may think hes more of a man than Rodolpho but Marco is more of a man than Eddie; this event has generally shamed Eddie in his home, which is something this character feels very strongly about as the head of the household. The scene needs a sense of oppositon and competition. In order to emphasise what is to be a true test of strength, the onlookers (Rodolpho, Catherine and Beatrice) need to have complete awareness and support of Marcos triumph. In this scene you have to visually compare the failure of Eddie in comparison to the triumph of Marco. While Marco is lifting the chair he is struggling and the tension in his neck, face, arms and especially his facial expression is needed to portray not just victory of lifting the chair but the victory of putting Eddie to shame and gaining some respect for his brother. This scene is a turning point in the story because Eddie now knows that if he wants Rodolpho out of his life hell may have to take even more extreme measures and the battle has turned from not just putting Catherine off of Rodolpho but to get these immigrants out of his house. Its important for its visual impact on the audience because its dramatic actions of a fight for strength and self-dignity turns the whole generalisation of the story from a happy family get-together into a potential crime against his (Eddies) family and the Sicilian community (as quoted from synopsis/pri cis of the book). Its also important because it shows Marcos justified slyness; justified because he has dishonoured Eddie but only in retaliation to Eddie taking advantage of Rodolpho. As soon as Marco said Here and started to lift the chair it is the beginning of Eddies slowly increasing shame and disgrace. The victory celebration should idealistically be a smiled expression (from Marco) as if to imply to Eddie that no-one messes with his brother or else theyll answer to him. As director I would issue the following instructions: Catherine: youre enjoying your dance with Rodolpho and you are nai ve as to what might be going on with Eddie and Marco so keep off guard and treat the situation as though its just a bit of fun between them. Beatrice: you have realised that Eddie feels discomforted at the weak position that he has been put in; however you believed that he deserved it and you are just hoping that Eddie has learned his lesson and will not interfere again. Act supportive at his distress but dont destroy is ride by talking about it too much (as your character would naturally do) Eddie: you have to accept Marcos offer very boldly and confidently as Catherine might be watching and you dont want to back down now. Your facial expression has to show repressed rage at Marco; grind your teeth and be silent to keep your pride, you want everyone else in the room to feel that what has happened doesnt mean or prove anything so get on as though it didnt happen although youre still much aware of the damage that Marco has done Marco: you are proud of what you have accomplished but youre not going to look like a show off; if you win gracefully it will add to Eddies shame which is something you want to do. Your facial expression should say Im triumphant and taking it well In conclusion, Eddie cares about his family and the responsibilities that come with it. He was strict in the upbringing of Catherine and had the utmost respect for his wife. Even though he made a fool of himself and died just for his name (his dignity) we must recognise he had a strong and defiant will or view that was his own and that he fought to uphold, such as his primitive mans view that there must be a law that keeps Catherine from marrying Rodolpho because he is supposedly a homosexual. The bottom line is Eddie should have settled for half meaning he brought Catherine up and now it was time to let her go. So in the end, Eddie dies to keep his pride and his name but doesnt even gain the audiences admiration because his actions were unnecessary. As quoted by E. R. Wood, who wrote the introduction in the Hereford Plays series (1975) publication of A View From The Bridge, To be a tragic hero, you do not have to be in the right; you have to be true to yourself. So Eddie was guilty of destroying the lives of these immigrants and the only honourable way out was to die.

Produce Business Information for Management

Produce Business Information for Management LSG Sky chef have more than 300 airlines in whole world and it includes 214 airports which regulate 200 customer services centers in the 51 nations and they produce and prepare the food around to 591 million in a year. LSG Sky Chefs officially newly open in Auckland, New Zealand. The customer service center was built based on a long-term agreement with Air New Zealand. This building located on 2,500 square-meter production area where near to 500 employees produce 17000 meals and some 7000 fresh-food products each day for international airline customers like Air New Zealand, Emirates, Korean Air, LAN Airlines, Qantas, Singapore, Air Calin and Virgin Australia, Qatar Airlines, Emirates and China Southern Airlines as well as for local retailers. I am the Administrator Manager in LSG Sky Chef Auckland. Purpose of Information: Information is very important for an organisation to perform their smooth functions and working. It depends and relates with different level of the firm and it helps through providing the data to the employees who are working on different levels of organisation so that decisions can be made to ensure that the business remains competitive and successful. Information has been created to support the whole range of administration of organisation. It can be seen in all parts of the world an all types of industries both public and private sector.   It helps the organisation for take good decisions which helps for data storage and proper management. Scope: The scope of the business information is very wide. Form: The forms of information in the organization are written below:- 1.Oral 2.Written Oral: LSG Sky Chef is a big industry who prepares the food for airlines. It Has many source for information. Oral is one of the forms of the Information, in which information shared with verbally with other staff and departments. Written:- By writing we can shared the information with other departments of LSG Sky Chef. Written communication is other form of business communication. It is important for LSG Sky Chef and managers create written communication skills for touch with other employees and visitors. Structure: Structure can be divided into below categories:- Financial, Graphical, Hand Written, Filling the Forms, and Word Information. Financial: Structure of information of LSG Sky Chef creates in the shape of money as well. Many documents related with the finance given the information of the funds, Budget, Turn Over of the LSG Sky. Graphical:- Graphical information also gives many information related with LSG Sky Chefs Profit and Loss year by year. Hand Written:- Hand Written also the other way for gives the information to other employees and departments of LSG Sky Chef, in which they shared information with hand written notes. Filing the Forms:- Internal Forms, Enquiry forms gives many information about the LSG Sky Chefs Structure. All departments have different forms of source of information which are connected with their work. Word Information:- LSG Sky Chef provide many information about their working on the Internet and Online. Website of the LSG Sky Chef also gives much information about their working of departments. It may be relates with internal and external information. Presentation:All the business information is present and shows to other people in the organization by arranging the meetings and it is perform through the Internet, E-mails and Templates and Notices etc. Meeting: Head of departments and   Manager hold the meeting for discussing the issues of the LSG Sky Chef, in which they get the information related with work and solve the issues face to face. Internet: Internet provides many information about the LSG Sky Chef. On internet we can also see the other branches of the LSG Sky Chef in the other countries. Notices:- Notices on the Walls and Notice boards also provides the information about the present situation and new notifications of the LSG Sky Chef to the employees of the related departments. E-Mails:- Through e-mails LSG Sky Chefs employers and employees remain in the touch of the new regulation and new changes in the information of the Departments. Resource of Information:- We can get the information from many resources and measures which includes Internet, Personal meeting   and media. Internet: Internet provides many information about the LSG Sky Chef. On internet we can also see the other branches of the LSG Sky Chef in the other countries. Personal Meeting: Head of departments and   Manager hold the meeting for discussing the issues of the LSG Sky Chef, in which they get the information related with work and solve the issues face to face. SECURITY, INTEGRITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY: Integrity: Data of Information cannot be changed before the approval of the higher authority or Administrator of the Organisation because it always being a matter of respect and integrity of the organisation. It always checked and assessed by only an authorized person or member of upper authority of organisation with approval of the organisation. Confidential: All the information always remains confidential. Information always based on external and internal. The internal information should not be disclosed to anyone. LSG internal information always be confidential, they cannot share with other persons. Internal Information includes Finance, Future plans. Security: There is always security for the Information; it should not be share with any one. The term information security is always protected by harsh measures which always frequently checked and changed on time to time. There is confidential information which cannot be shared with anyone except higher management of the company. Different and most effective software are used to protect the information of the organization. All staff of the LSG Sky Chef always kept their stuff with proper care and security. All rooms are secure with proper access cards. No other visitors can enter in LSG Sky Chef Building without proper ID card or authority. AUTHORIZATION, CIRCULATION, FILING AND ARCHIVING: Authorization: Only authorized persons are allowed to keep the information and they have passwords for dealing with such kind of information.   Encryption is the most effective way to achieve data security. To read an encrypted file, you must have access to a secret key or password that enables you to unlock and open it. In LSG Sky Chef all security lockers and doors and computer access always be opened in emergency in the presence of the Head of Departments of the LSG Sky Chef. Only during their presence gives the authorization to open the lockers in the emergency. When information is saved in computer, and then it should be protective with password. Then the folder where it is made must have a password and this password always remain with authorized person. Circulation: Circulation is the processing of information to all the staff members in the organization. Circulation of the information needs: Human Resource Material to circulate Documents Technology Computers, Emails, Etc. Filling: Filing the information is to store information for long time for company needs. An Organization needs to keep data for future reference and data is stored in Computer hard disk or server. Paper documents filed in the files and kept in the safe and secured room. One can also select online storage capacity to store information data online. Milestone: Milestone for information needs depends on nature of business information and its scope. We have to check the information on every interval. For a large organisation the information scope is unlimited and the company may have milestone on the large scale. Milestone can be checked by the nature of information, if the information is related with finance then the milestone for this information are 5-6 times in a month. Task 2 Internal Sources of Information The sources of information that which relates with internal matter of the LSG Sky chef is called Internal Information.   There are different types of internal information such as financial, personnel, marketing, purchasing, sales and administration. Internal information sources can be defined as follows: Financial Information: Money related information is identified with the execution and benefit and loss of the organization. This information will incorporate on the amount you pay to staff of the LSG SKY Chef, the expenses of rates and the charges that you pay as a business. Personnel Information: Personnel information is information held by the company on their employees. Every worker of the LSG Sky   expert   much learning about their territories. This information must be unreservedly accessible to the representative at whatever time that they ask for it. Faculty information can be utilized to screen to what extent a representative has worked for an organization and in the event that they are qualified for a pay increment because of this in view of the LSG Sky Chef strategy. Marketing Information: Marketing information is used by the market team to identify what products or services offered by the business are most successful. The marketing team can collect information from different departments such as sales to promote certain products or services based on current success rates Sales Information: . This information needs to be passed to the financial controllers of LSG Sky Chef to ensure that the cost of your good or service is less than the sale price Administration Information: Administration information links very much with personnel information but also involves communicating with external sources and storing information on customers to build successful relationships with them. Bottom of Form External Sources of Information External information sources are: Government, trade groupings, commercially provided information, database and research. Government: Information provided by the administration is certainly originating from a solid source as this is the administering body that they business works inside. LSG Sky gourmet experts additionally have the control of the legislature. Government gives all offices to the LSG Sky Chef. LSG Sky culinary expert need to utilize vital legitimate data from the Government to help maintain the business effectively and lawfully Trade Groupings: A trade grouping is a group of businesses that operate within the same sector and not within the same location. Many outside business are dealing with the LSG Sky Chef and they provide all food material. Databases Research: Companies can research information that might help them increase the sales and level of interest in their business.. LSG Sky Chef can make money creating this information by analyzing currently available sales stats in particular airlines. Task 3 Review of Sky Chef (Sky-Chefs-Inc./reviews?fcountry=NZfloc=Auckland%2C+Auckland) Approved Certificate NEEDS OF THE COMPANY Company needs some upgrade machines which help the company to finish the product in effective and efficient way. We have to increase the storage facility and for that we have to get some extra place. And secondly increase parking space. Also need more staff for working moreover, need furniture for sitting? POLICIES   Ã‚   All information is recorded and authorized by depot manager and also under the company policy. Every document is kept and backup file is ready. Whenever repair action is needed it must be done as soon as possible because it can damage the quality of product. And most important policy is the privacy policy. All the members have to contact daily and give feedback to everyone. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Our Business is growing very well. Because, suppliers and buyers feedback is good, no complaint of in a service and product. The future of the Companys safe from financial point of view. Recommendation to this company is just to improve the marketing and communication strategy as more advertisement should be done, comes out with more offers. We are making more name and fame in a market.