Narrative report on educational tour Essay

INTRODUCTION The purpose of our educational tour is to expose students in actual industries, manufacturing companies in order to acquire knowledge, opportunities, experience rather than sitting alone in a four corner classroom. The site visit location was Villar Foundation (Organic Herbal Garden, Factory of garbage chairs, Coconet coir and Peat Enterprise, The water Hyacinth Weaving Enterprise) Lola Corazon Leisure Farm, Hansa Toys and Azucarera de Tarlac. The waste plastic factory was our first stop. The Villar Foundation and the local community are in charge of collecting and segregating the plastic wastes, which are then shredded, washed, dried, melted and molded in the plant which can be fashioned to look like wooden pieces and comes with replaceable parts amazingly!. That envirotech’s plant can produce 1,000 armchair/month. About 20-24 kilos of mixed soft plastics. That finished product has a 20 year lifespan. Our second stop was the Coconet factory. It was the coconut husks converted to a coco net. It comes from near markets that was given by vendors. The fiber can be extracted through a decorticating machine, the decorticated coconut will be air dried, then the fiber and the dust will be separ ated through dusting, the fiber will be twined and lastly they’ll weave it to make a coco net. To lessen the waste in Las Pinas produces the Villar Foundation also started a project to turn wet waste into soil conditioners and Vermicompost through composting. The process is to mix wet waste, mostly food with coconut dust and trichodema fungi that produces enzymes that helps in composting. The Water Hyacinth weaving enterprise was our third stop. in cleaning the river was the water hyacinths also known as water lilies that floats on the river and traps more wastes and causes flood when it rains. They found a solution by transforming water lilies into beautiful pieces of arts like decorations and baskets. Next destination was in Hansa Toys. Artists create each Hansa animal from portraits of the creature in its natural habitat that is made of PLASTICS. Most fabrics are custom designed and exclusively manufactured to HANSA’S exacting specifications. The animals coats are meticulously hand-cut and trimmed, never stamped out by machine.The animals are sewn inside out, resulting in the minimization of seams. This development ofan exceptional  internal stitching method allows the Hansa artisans create effects like muscle tone and features unique to each creature. On average, there are 42 separate pieces required to make each animal. (Some animals have as many as 240 different parts!) The subtle coloring on the animals is hand painted or airbrushed by specially trained Hansa artisans.Each animal is hand finished with loving detail to give them the life like look yet sweet face and cuddly feel that is unmistakably HANSA.All animals are made with custom designed all man-made plush material made from high pile 100% Modacrylic fiber Kanecaron Brand with backing material of polyster 150/48F. Last was the Azucarera de Tarlac. It is one of the best integrated sugar manufacturing plants producing both raw and refined sugar, alcohol, liquid carbon dioxide, and yeast in the Philippines. KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED That memorable tour advocate us of green living. In Villar Foundation they converted raw materials into something useful they not just only cleaning and protecting environment but also providing a livelihood to the poor. By promoting this 1 less child on the streets, 1 less person without a job, 1 less family without a home, 1 less worker stranded overseas, and most important 1 more Filipino save from poverty. Hansa toys says â€Å" Toys that educates the heart† Believing that today’s children will play a vital role in the fate of wildlife, and that toys can be an important tool in forming children’s values, they have created the â€Å"Endangered Animals Collection† . They inspire children and adults (all ages) to love and learn about wild animals and they hope to inspire a life-long commitment to widelife conservation. Hence environment may be defined as â€Å"the sum of all social, cultural, economical, biological, physical and chemical factors surrounding the ‘man’ to give necessary protection to him.† A clean environment is very necessary to live a peaceful and healthy life. But our environment is getting dirty day by day because of some negligence of human beings. It is an issue which everyone must know about especially  our kids. An environment is the natural surroundings which help life to grow, nourish and destroy on this planet earth. Natural environment plays a great role in the existence of life on earth and it helps human beings, animals and other living things to grow and develop naturally. But due to some bad and selfish activities of the human beings, our environment is getting affected. It is the most important topic that everyone must know how to protect our environment to keep it safe forever as well as ensure the nature’s balance on this planet to continue the existence of life. RECOMMENDATION Everyone can do a big change to create a better environment. Why people having diseases? This is because of you, me, US! even a single wrap of candy can we just keep in our pocket for a while then throw it in a proper garbage can. The earth is dying it is an open reality to everybody. The earth is sick and if we can’t control its sickness we will die too. Just imagine, without a sustainable environment we will have nothing. The dirt we’re throwing away always comes back to us it means nature has his own way of taking revenge. Let us not be blind or deaf to this problem. We should take part because if not, we may be causing our own extinction

Large Crane Flies, Family Tipulidae

Large Crane Flies, Family Tipulidae Large crane flies (Family Tipulidae) are indeed large, so much so that most people think theyre giant mosquitoes. Theres no need to worry, because crane flies dont bite (or sting, for that matter). Please note that members of several other fly families are also referred to as crane flies, but this article focuses only on the large crane flies classified in the Tipulidae. Description: The family name Tipulidae derives from the Latin tipula, meaning water spider. Crane flies are not spiders, of course, but do appear somewhat spider-like with their extraordinarily long, slender legs. They range in size from tiny to large. The biggest North American species, Holorusia hespera, has a wingspan of 70mm. The largest known tipulids   inhabit southeastern Asia, where two species of Holorusia measure a whopping 10 cm or more in wingspan. You can identify crane flies by two key features (see this interactive labelled image of each ID feature) First, crane flies have a V-shaped suture running across the upper side of the thorax. And second, they have a pair of conspicuous halteres just behind the wings (they look similar to antennae, but extend from the sides of the body). Halteres work like gyroscopes during flight, helping the crane fly stay on course. Adult crane flies have slender bodies and a single pair of membranous wings (all true flies have one pair of wings). Theyre typically unremarkable in color, though some bear spots or bands of brown or gray. Crane fly larvae can withdraw their heads into their thoracic segments. Theyre cylindrical in shape, and slightly tapered at the ends. They generally inhabit moist terrestrial environments or aquatic habitats, depending on the type. Classification: Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – DipteraFamily - Tipulidae Diet: Most crane fly larvae feed on decomposing plant matter, including mosses, liverworts, fungi, and rotting wood. Some terrestrial larvae feed on the roots of grasses and crop seedlings, and are considered pests of economic concern. Though most aquatic crane fly larvae are also detritivores, some species prey on other aquatic organisms. As adults, crane flies are not known to feed. Life Cycle: Like all true flies, crane flies undergo complete metamorphosis with four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Adults are short-lived, surviving just long enough to mate and reproduce (usually less than a week). Mated females oviposit either in or near water, in most species. Larvae may live and feed in the water, underground, or in leaf litter, again, depending on the species. Aquatic crane flies usually pupate underwater, but emerge from the water to shed their pupal skins well before sunrise. By the time the sun rises, the new adults are ready to fly and begin searching for mates. Special Behaviors and Defenses: Crane flies will shed a leg if needed to escape the grasp of a predator. This ability is known as autotomy, and is common in long-legged arthropods like stick insects and harvestmen. They do so by means of a special fracture line between the femur and trochanter, so the leg separates cleanly. Range and Distribution: Large crane flies live throughout the world, with over 1,400 species described globally. Just over 750 species are known to inhabit the Nearctic region, which includes the U.S. and Canada. Sources: Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson.Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd Edition, edited by John L. Capinera.Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World, Pjotr Oosterbroek. Accessed online October 17, 2015.Tipulidae – Crane Flies, Dr. John Meyer, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University. Accessed online October 17, 2015.Family Tipulidae – Large Crane Flies, Bugguide.net. Accessed online October 17, 2015.Crane Flies, Missouri Department of Conservation website. Accessed online October 17, 2015.Insect Defenses, Dr. John Meyer, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University. Accessed online October 17, 2015.

How to Write a Research Paper on Obesity

How to Write a Research Paper on Obesity Research Paper on Obesity How to start a research paper on obesity Tips on how to start Example of an outline Example of a thesis statement Example of an obesity research paper introduction How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on obesity Tips on body writing Example on 1st body paragraph Example on 2nd body paragraph Example on 3rd body paragraph How to finish a research paper on obesity Tips on conclusion writing Example of a conclusion Tips on research paper revision How to start a research paper on obesity A paper on obesity is dependent on the intended audience. If the audience is well familiar with the subject and the research paper is meant to reinforce certain key aspects of the subject, then the format is slightly different. The structure and format of the introduction may be also different depending on the preferences of the instructor. Therefore, depending on the audience and preferences, you may need to define some key terms about obesity and elucidate on how the contents of the essay are relevant to them. Thus, it is important to seek clarification from an lecturer to understand what he/she expects about the essay. However, here are some general tips that can help you nail a good introduction for an essay on obesity. Tips on how to start. Introduction to an obesity research paper Define the term obesity exhaustively. Include some statistical data that talks about obesity but consistent with your arguments. Briefly discuss the statistical information. Include famous quotes on obesity that can hook your audience. Include a thesis statement. Example of an outline The essay on obesity is a 5-paragraph essay that seeks to address what the community can do to combat obesity in the country. Introduction a) Hook: A quote/Statistics b) Some statistics on obesity c) Who is affected d) Why we need to combat this epidemic e) Thesis statement. Body. Paragraph 1 1. Topic Sentence: what can families and communities do to address obesity? 2. 4-5 Support sentences (include statistics or any evidence where appropriate). Body. Paragraph 2 1. Topic sentence: Role played by the community, schools and education sector in curbing this menace. 2. 4-5 Support sentences (include statistics or any evidence where appropriate). Body. Paragraph 3 1. Topic sentence: Steps on how we can address obesity. 2. 4-5 Support sentences (include statistics or any evidence where appropriate) Conclusion a) Recap b) Short summary of all main points expressed in the essay c) Restatement of the thesis Example of a thesis The thesis statement is dependent on the area the essay seeks to cover. Obesity is a huge topic, and therefore the author must write a thesis statement that captures the scope of the essay explicitly. Following the afore-described outline, a simple thesis statement of the essay can be as follows: Consumption of fast foods since it is a leading cause of obesity and other preventable health issues such as diabetes and heart diseases that are likely to attack them later in life. Example of an obesity research paper introduction More than one-third (35.7 percent) of adults in the US are considered to be obese. This is a genuine call for prompt action that can reverse or end this trend. Many diseases and health complications stare at the future of a great nation if not addressed early enough. Being overweight or obese is a sign of underlying lifestyle issue. Fast foods play a leading role in obesity. Consumption of fast foods is a leading cause of obesity and other preventable health issues such as diabetes and heart diseases that are likely to attack them later in life. How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on obesity The body paragraphs are dependent on what type of essay it is. If it is an expository essay, argumentative essay, informative essay, the structure of the body paragraph may vary slightly. However, there is a general format you can use to articulate your points in the essay. Tips on body writing Start with a topic sentence that carries the information you want to develop in the rest of the essay. Write 5-7 support sentence that elucidates on the topic sentence. Maintain smooth transitions between the sentences. Include evidence and cite information drawn from external sources accurately. Have a logical flow of sentences through the paragraph to ensure coherence. Example on 1st body paragraph Raising awareness of the dangers of obesity can spark a change that can reverse or end this obesity menace. Creating awareness about obesity would inform more people on ways to avoid becoming overweight or obese. The awareness program teaches on healthier living like exercising, reduced fast foods intake, drinking water, reduced sugar consumption, etc. These are proven methods that have helped obese people lose weight and live normal lives whilst preventing millions more from becoming obese or overweight. Example on 2nd body paragraph Psychological issues have also been attributed to overweight and obesity. People experiencing stress and depression may respond by being anorexic or increased appetite. Increased appetite can lead to obesity. Therefore, people should be wary of their eating patterns and ensure they maintain a healthy lifestyle to avoid obesity. Obesity requires a holistic approach and people should practice healthy living by exercising and helping their friends and family to inculcate diet discipline and healthy living lifestyle to avoid being overweight or obese. Example on 3rd body paragraph The community, schools, and the government need to come together and address this problem collectively. Each of these parties has a critical role in eradicating this problem, and it should not be left for the people or families of obese people to address it. The government can pass policies that help fight obesity and overweight. Communities can help by creating awareness and collectively participating in activities that seek to eradicate this problem like sports. In schools, students can be taught how to live healthier lives and ways to prevent obesity and the health challenges it tags along. Therefore, obesity and overweight can be fought on many fronts to reduce its prevalence on the land and beyond borders. How to finish a research paper on obesity As you draw to the conclusion of the essay on an obesity essay, it is important, to sum up all the points and reconcile the information presented in the essay. Obesity is a negative phenomenon, and therefore you can offer some few logical ways through which it can be addressed. Reconcile the audience to agree with your standpoint and recap the main points discussed in the body paragraphs. Tips on conclusion writing Restate the thesis statement Summarize the main points discussed in the essay Include an interesting sentence about obesity and call for action Use a rhetorical question or a quote Challenge the audience to be agents of change in fighting obesity. Example of a conclusion Concisely, obesity is increasingly becoming a challenge around the world. It is a problem that can be addressed by proper awareness of healthy living and conscious decisions to secure the future. All the aforementioned factors that have can alleviate this problem need to be cumulatively used to fight off this menace. Everyone wants future generations to be healthy, isn’t it? Therefore, it is the responsibility of everyone to do what is within his/her her power to fight obesity and encourage others to join us in the quest for healthier future generations. For we all know, united we stand, divided, we fall. Tips on research paper revision Research paper revision requires thorough scrutiny on the areas highlighted by the course instructor as erroneous. However, there are areas where students often make mistakes. References and citations are often cited without following standard formats thus leading to revision. When doing corrections, focus on the format and content and ensure it is coherent and relevant after the revision. Thesis statements and topic sentences must be coined explicitly and objectively to help communicate their intended message. Grammar and punctuation are also areas students often overlook but that carry the significant weight of the paper marks. To avoid revisions, ensure you proofread the research paper keenly or ask a friend or a colleague to proofread it and help make necessary corrections.

Ethics within the clothing retail sector 02225 Essay

Ethics within the clothing retail sector 02225 - Essay Example In addition, competition is increasing in the high street clothing retail chains. Therefore, they are using the CSR strategies to increase sustainability and growth. During the years 2011 to 2012, they promoted more green production. Alhaddi (2014) stated that retailers are promoting highly recycling products, eco friendly products, and fair trading policies. Clothing retailers are using most emerging technologies for reducing waste in operations. They are adopting socially responsible strategies to maintain the welfare of external stakeholders. Alternate energy resources are being used by the organisations to conserve the conventional resources (Azmat and Zutshi, 2012). In the current study, corporate social responsibility and ethical issues are discussed in depth with the help of different real life ethical firms. The researcher will be using the examples of Next, Arcadia Group, Primark Stores, TK Maxx, Matalan, and New Look Group. Clothing retail firms are facing huge competition in the UK base fashion retail market. Organisations are maintaining ethical strategies in order to achieve sustainability. Corporate social responsibility is one of the major used strategies for increasing sustainability in the international clothing retail market. Organisations are looking for obtaining growth and sustainability. Corporate social responsibilities of the major retail firms are concentrated on the segments like social, ethical and environment. The firms are planning to provide proper value to the external stakeholders. In addition, BubnaLitic (2009) stated that CSR strategies are orienting the equity shareholders in the global financial market. On the contrary, if the investors are not oriented they will not interest or motivated to make the further investment in fashion retailers. Business operations will be controlled efficiently, productively and sensibly by the use of efficient strategies and CSR polices also

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 12

Strategic Management - Essay Example Strategy formulation and implementation include a variety of organizational practices. It is often understood as the ‘decision related to the design of a process and the infrastructure needed to support the process’. To illustrate, it is the process that defines the organizational goals and lays out plans in long term to achieve the intended goals. Strategy not only determines the organizational mission and objectives but also covers other areas such as marketing, finance. The following diagram shows the various aspects of organizational strategy. However, an outstanding strategy does not necessarily mean that the organization would achieve its goals. In addition to the well-designed strategy, the method of implementation is a significant factor that determines the organizational success. Therefore, successful managers would integrate the various strategic aspects with all important elements of the organization. As it is stated in Wiley & Sons, in order to achieve goals, managers must ‘comprehend their potential combinations and coordinate and integrate business factors’. Organizational Strategy became a subject for debate since 1987 when it was termed as design strategy and emergent strategy by Henry Mintzberg. He argued that strategy not only includes predetermined actions but also the gradual developments or immediate steps taken to deal with changing situations. Although in general sense strategy indicates the preset programs, organizational decisions are always subjected to the immediate deviation.

Negligence in Sports Injuries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Negligence in Sports Injuries - Essay Example Where sporting events are concerned, the finding of negligence is complicated by the volenti non fit injuria principle, whereby the underlying premise is that those who participate in sports knowing the risks that may exist5, are in effect, consenting to a breach of duty of care and hence negligence claims may not hold good6. For example, in the case of Woolridge v Sumner7 where a spectator was injured, it was held to be the result of an error of judgment rather than negligence. It was also held that liability could be established only when it could be shown that there had been a reckless disregard for the safety of the spectator/s. The notion of "reckless disregard" as laid out by Lord Diplock is inherently based upon the premise that a player acts negligently when he foresees risks and yet proceeds with his actions despite the risk. Reckless disregard thus involves a breach of not only the duty of care owed to prevent a claim of negligence, but also a duty of skill. Thus, in the case of Woolridge, for example, Lord Diplock clarified that when a participant was aware of his lack of skill to perform a sporting feat and the risk his lack of skill might pose to spectators, he would be guilty of negligence to the spectator, if he still goes ahead and performs the act in question8. As a result, while negligence implies the owing of a duty of care, reckless disregard implies the owing of a duty of care and a duty of skill. Reckless disregard is in essence, negligence applied within a sporting context, with a higher threshold to allow for the inherent risks in sports which players voluntarily assume under the volenti fit non injura principle. Reed, in analyzing the judgment rendered in the case of R v Barnes9 has explained how, within the context of sports, reckless disregard occurs when a player inflicts harm or injury maliciously10. A defendant who is "reckless" is one who is able to foresee that there is a risk for bodily harm occurring through his actions and yet, chooses to ignore the risk and continue with the offending act. "Recklessness implies a greater degree of culpability or wrongdoing than negligence" because recklessness amounts to willfully exposing another person to harm and causing injury, rather than it occurring as a result of

Police UK Force

Police UK Force Evaluating the Moral Justification of Force in the UK Police Consequentialism and the Use of Deadly Force Among Police Personnel in the UK Against a backdrop of a democratic society, the use of deadly force by the police in countries such as the UK seems implausible for human rights activists. First, police officers are expected to uphold the human rights of every individual hence, civilian rights are always preserved even in criminal cases where the due process of law is considered to be the golden standard in the judicial system. Thus, threading the line between regulations and policies of the agency as well as the ethical and moral dilemma in the use of deadly force predisposes police officers to question the legitimacy as well as the moral justifications in their use of deadly force. While several philosophical theorists have argued for different justifications through philosophical theories, the theory of consequentialism appears to be the one that closely justifies the use of deadly force among the police. Before examining the moral and ethical arguments for the use of deadly force using the consequentialist paradigm, let us first examine the important aspects of deadly force and the use of it by the UK police. First, deadly force as defined by Geller and Scott (23) pertains to the force reasonably capable of causing death or bodily harm. According to this definition, an act that can kill should be consumated before it can be considered as a deadly force hence; threats are not considered to be within the parameters of this scope. The use of deadly force according to Kappeler, Kraska and Marron (3) falls within emergency situations such as in hostage taking, shooting randomly, pursuance of a police officer of unarrested criminal and other similar incidences. Consequently, in the UK, police officers are given the discretion to determine if the suspect poses a threat to the police officer or the public. In the pursuit of these suspects, police officers are given the power to use deadly force through probably cause of harm. The courts decide whether the use of deadly force is justified or not and in some cases, police officers are charged because their use of deadly force is considered to be unjustifiable. Hence, there is a very thin line separating the justification of the use of deadly force from an act that is unjustified. The ethical and moral dilemma of police officers therefore rests not only on the regulations of their agency but on their analytical and ethical decision. Thus, the pursuit of the philosophical theory that can best justify the use of deadly force ensues. Consequentialism has been considered as one of the more important theories in justifying the use of deadly force by the police primarily because of its consideration of the consequences of a given act. In contrast with other theories that uses the nature of the act itself (deontology) or the goodness of the wrongness of the act or whether it is a good virtue or not (virtue ethics), consequentialism considers the aggregate value of the act based on the summation of its consequences- if it benefits the greater number of people, then it is considered to be morally justifiable. It should be noted that consequentialism has different forms such as the act consequentialism and the rule consequentialism. In this paper both types of consequentialism will be explored. The Ethico-Moral Principles of Consequentialism: Implications in Use of Force First, the use of deadly force is essential in policing and in providing a higher value for the consequences of the actions. Some writers do posit that the use of force is essential and central in policing. Skolnick and Fyfe, in their recent book on the topic, frankly contend: No matter how many warnings may be issued by superiors about limitations on the use of force, no matter how much talk about policing as a profession, police training continually reminds recruits that coercive power is a central feature of police life. (Skolnick and Fyfe, 95) They claim that such force will remain an inevitable component of policing.(Skolnick and Fyfe, 37) Vance McLaughlin similarly asserts that although the use of force by police is not as frequent as the public may imagine, police officers routinely use force to carry out their role as enforcers. His view is that the use of force is inherent in the profession just as legitimate force is an essential ingredient in maintaining an ordered society (McLaughlin, 1). Accordingly, in every nation today, law enforcement officers possess the right to use force (McLaughlin, 7) Lawrence Sherman maintains a comparable perspective in saying: Force is the essence of criminal justice, just as the monopoly on the legitimate use of force is the essence of the nation-state (Sherman, 37). Second, the use of force by the police is legitimized by the concept of the greater good for the greatest number- a concept that is used not only in democratic countries such as the UK but also in moral arguments. For instance, several studies both in domestic and international political and security arena have provided extensive justifications for the use of force using the consequentialist paradigm. For instance, in the study of Whitley (24), the author argued that preventive war to crimes produces more good than evil and hence, similar to the study of Yoo (730), the use of force is self-defense and in defense of society is a just war and is therefore legitimate. Hence, in the same vein, any person who is poised to commit a crime against the society necessarily invokes the right of governing institutions such as the police force to enforce security and safety of the greater good. Within this argument, the virtue of an act or the use of force by the police is justified by the preser vation of security within the society. This argument presupposes that the consequence of the use of force by the police would lead to greater security and hence, deterrence of violence which leads to better quality of life for the people in this case, British citizens. The use of force by the UK police was born out of threats to public safety. Neyroud (252-253) outlining the history of the UK police force has argued that the baton-days before the 1980s was inadequate in protecting the public against public criminals such as in the case of the Hungerford Shootings and the Thames Valley where an armed man started to shoot in random killing two person and one injury. Hence, according to Neyroud (253), the public expectations of the police and the use of force has been a dilemma for the UK police- is the use of deadly force justified? Accordingly, according to the Thames Valley Police (1) argued that it is justified because it protected not only the police officers but also the public. This kind of threat cannot be allowed in a society because it lessens the confidence of the people on the police as well as on their own neighborhood. Hence, shooting a person who is out to kill others by virtue of the consequence of killing innocent people and police of ficers is justified because the death of the criminal would mean sparing the lives of innocent people and in the process restoring the peace needed by the greater number of people. Third, the use of deadly force by the police is justified because of the framework of defending ones self and defending others within the society. Within this frame, Kaufman (24) argues that the morality of people is subjected to a higher authority- in this case, the police force represents the society to which social contract is established among its citizens. According to Gentili (16), regulations are always backed with force- this type of force whether deadly or not is legitimate because people who have committed crimes to others and the society ultimately obliterate their human rights. Hence, in violating the rights of others and the public, criminals who are subjected to the use of deadly force essentially, forego their own human rights. Hence, while even the UN Charter would consider the use of deadly force as the last resort, it recognizes that political and judicial means are not always responsive in defending its citizens thus, the inherent use of deadly force in self-defens e cases are permitted (Yoo, 738). Consequently, the use of deadly force is more prevalent in the United States than in the UK because of the reason of self-defense. The use of deadly force is mostly applied to cases considered to be of extreme nature such as the murder of police officers, firearm robberies and homicide of the general population (Parent, 230). Within the consequentialism paradigm, the consequence of self-defense is morally justifiable because the police use of force is within the boundaries of their discretion- it is easier for the society to accept the shooting of the criminal who is about to kill a police officer or an innocent bystander than the police officer or the bystander being killed by the offender (Levy, 28). Similarly, consequentialism justifies the use of force through the argument that its use can deter the incidence of crime for the greater good of society. For instance, consequentialism is an agent-neutral term (Huigens, 944) that judges an action based on the value of a decision. For instance, if a police officer shoots a hostage taker, the police officer is essentially choosing between the life of the innocent hostage and the hostage taker. In these cases, the decision is weighed based on the value of the decision for the persons involved and the society in general. The dilemma for the police officer therefore is whether to risk the life of the hostage victim or take action and shoot the hostage taker. While negotiations in this type of situations are first used, the use of deadly force is considered as an important last resort if all things fail. As long as the police officer had exhaustive other means, then, the use of deadly force does not violate the protocols of police power a nd regulations in UK policing. Fourth, the use of deadly force is not used in the consequentialist theory sparingly but rather on the grounds that the consequence is still the best alternative. For instance, Paul Ramsey (144), a thinker who often concentrates on war issues rather backhandedly mentions the police when illustrating just war principles. Ramsey argues that the just use of political violence in warfare must include two principal elements: 1) a specific justification for sometimes killing another human being; and 2) severe and specific restrictions upon anyone who is under the hard necessity of doing so. Both are exhibited, says Ramsey (144) in the use of force proper to the domestic police power. Accordingly, police officers distinguish between aggressor, victim, and bystanders; and though an officer may hit some innocent party accidentally, it would never be right for him or her to enlarge the target and deliberately, or directly, kill any number (Ramsey, 187). Ramsey grounds this justification of such limited use of force upon what he identifies as social charity, in which the Christian, or anyone else for that matter, is called to love the neighbor by protecting him or her from the other aggressive neighbor who has chosen to become an enemy. Although Christians are called to love the enemy as well, Ramsey asserts that when choice must be made between the perpetrator of injustice and the many victims of it, the latter may and should be preferredeven if effectively to do so would require the use of armed force against some evil power (Ramsey, 143) In this way, Ramsey maintains that restraint in the use of force is still necessary in order to respect and, indeed, love the alleged perpetrator. While this is the only point at which Ramsey devotes any attention to the context of law enforcement, it is noteworthy that it is a pivotal illustration upon which he bases the rest of his work concerning the justification of war. The use of force often reflects an on-the-spot decision made by the police officer on the scene. The officer must quickly assess the situation and take proper action. So many factors may come into play that guidelines, restrictions, and laws may seem too vague to be of practical use to the officer; the use of force is thus difficult to control.(Skolnick and Fyfe, 38) Yet, with more and more precision and uniformity, most recent guidelines and laws attempt to check excessive force and provide assistance to police by admonishing them that they should use no more force than is necessary or reasonable or that such force should be used only as a last resort. In this way, they echo the language of just war thinking, with its fundamental posture of restraint. The final criterion comes under the heading of right consequences in an objective sense, which is the goal or end that is sought. This is usually justified in terms of the global common good. It ordinarily consists in bringing about a lasting peace, and also includes consideration of the enemys real best interests. In the case of police, Malloy maintains that they may use the full force available to them only when they are convinced that the common good is being served (Malloy, 14). Therefore, the most objective goal of any officer in a physical confrontation is to have an opponent cease and desist from further resistance (McLaughlin, 85 ) The test of such a stance is taking someone as prisoner or, in other words, arresting him rather than using more force than is necessary. The best interests of all, including the alleged perpetrators, are to be kept in view, thereby maintaining the overall common good of society. The use of force should be used only with the greatest restraint and only after discussion, negotiation and persuasion have been found to be inappropriate or ineffective. While the use of force is occasionally unavoidable, every police officer will refrain from unnecessary infliction of pain or suffering and will never engage in cruel, degrading or inhuman treatment of any person. Hence, the use of deadly force as a last resort by the police involves due process or procedural integrity that qualifies both ad bellum and in bello criteria. On this criterion, sufficient time should be allowed for processes of negotiation and the exercise of diplomacy. Applying this notion to the police predicament, officers should exhaust all other possible methods for controlling a conflictive situation before resorting to the more severe levels of force.(Malloy, 13) Only when all else fails should a police officer resort to a higher degree of force. Admittedly, this is an onerous call for the police officer to make in a tense situation, such as a domestic conflict. Yet, this is precisely why there is a need for clearer principles and rules, as well as prior training to clarify and instill them. Implications on Act Consequentialism and Rule Consequentialism Consequentialism contends that an act is justified if the consequence is greater than the product if the deadly force has not been committed. Police officers who usually fall into the dilemma of using deadly force can use the philosophical ground of consequentialism as a rationale or justification for their decisions. However, police officers should be cautious in doing so. First, rule consequentialism necessitates that the police officer considers not only the consequence of the action but also the regulations of the UK police force. In doing so, it is important that police officers studies the protocols governing emergency situations where the discretion of police officers is called upon to decide whether the use of deadly force is necessary or not. Cases have it that there is a very thin line separating the legitimacy or the rightness and wrongness of a police officers decision to use deadly force. Hence, police officers would need to quickly appraise the situation vis a vis the regulations of the agency. On the other hand, act consequentialism would consider that the use of deadly force is justified only if it is morally right and if the act maximizes the good. Hence, it is important that the consequence of the action would yield greater good than harm to the personsl involved. An important philosophical discussion in this would be, on what perspective would the consequence be considered as maximized? The answer would be to the society. The society is considered as the barometer of the goodness or the wrongness of an act. Considering the greatest consequence would be to consider to the fate of the society. If for instance, a police officer shoots at a person who is shooting randomly, the police officer would be more or less justified in shooting down the person in order to save his self and the innocent citizens. Second, rule consequentialism considers the use of deadly force as the last resort in dealing with emergency cases. For instance, in hostage taking, the use of negotiations and diplomacies are considered to be the primary criteria among the police officers. The use of deadly force is only considered as a last resort or when all other means have been exhausted and failed. Police agency protocols also calls for the same prioritization. On the other hand, act utilitarianism would consider the maximal impact of the act. For instance, if the act had greater value for the society, then, it is considered to be good. Consequentialism would consider that police officers are capable of fulfilling the training and the analytic requirements in order to make a morally justifiable claim or decision would be explored in the next chapter. References Kaufman, Whitley. Whats Wrong with Preventive War? the Moral and Legal Basis for the Preventive Use of Force. Ethics and International Affairs. Volume 19: Issue 3. 23-30, 2005. Yoo, John. Using Force. University of Chicago Law Review 71 (Summer 2004), pp. 729-345. Neyroud, Peter. Use of Force. Policing. Volume 1, Issue 3: 252-254, 2007. Gentili, Alberto. De Jure Belli Libri Tres (1612), trans. John C. Rolfe (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1933), bk. I, ch. XIV. Levy, S., The Educational Equivalence of Act and Rule Utilitarianism†, in Hooker, Mason, and Miller, (eds.), pp.   27-39, 2000. Parent, Rick. The Police Use of Deadly Force: International Comparisons. Volume 79, Issue 3: 230-237, 2006. Huigens, Kyron. The Dead End of Deterrence, and Beyond. 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